Second Gulf War In History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2900 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Gulf War Essay Did you like this example? The Second Gulf War took place in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq. What led to the Iraq war was what took place on September 11, 2001. The deadliest terror attack on U.S. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Second Gulf War In History" essay for you Create order soil was the biggest reason the Second Gulf War took place. This war was set out to accomplish a set of goals; one was to dethrone Saddam Hussein and his regime as Iraqi dictator. The second primary goal was the threat that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as well as weapons programs (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002). One major question loomed, was this the best thing the United States should have done following the terror attacks in 2001?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Second Gulf war took place for about eight and a half years. Not only was it a long war, but it had also become the largest, longest, and most costly use of armed forces by the United States since Vietnam. It was also the first major post-Cold War U.S. military action taken apart from an international organization, and the first U.S. experience as an occupying power in a Middle Eastern country (Lieberfeld, 1). One of the major reasons that made Iraq such a threat was due to previous encounters. While Iraq was not the ones who carried out the attacks on September 11th, they were one of the biggest threats against the United States. Saddam Hussein acted very suspiciously years after the First Gulf War, such as not allowing inspectors from the United Nations into Iraq following an incident in 1998. That grew to be very suspicious to the United States and also drew a major concern. Saddam Hussein also had a history of using chemical weapons against Ir an and the Kurds. After the First Gulf War, there were rumors of Saddam Hussein creating a nuclear weapons program (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002). It seemed to be pretty clear that the United States, as well as President Bush, wanted to start a major war with Iraq and their regime. President Bush mentioned Iraq, as well as Saddam Hussein, in his presidential campaign. Bush stated Building durable peace will require strong alliances.It will require firmness with regimes like North Korea and Iraqregimes that hate our values and resent our success. and later in his speech when asked if Saddam Hussein would continue to work on his weapons of mass destruction, Bush expressed that he would take him out (Kikalishvili, 39-40). While President Bush had strong feelings about Saddam Hussein and his regime in Iraq, he certainly had mixed reactions from people close to him. Former president Bill Clinton had a talk with President Bush after his campaign. Bill Clinton talked about what Preside nt Bushs main concerns should be, and he had Iraq listed at the bottom. National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice said that Iraq was a preoccupation of the national security team from the very beginning of the administration and in 2001, Bushs main mission was not to confront Saddam Hussein, but, instead, to confront the new and rising threat in al Qaeda and its extremist kin. (Visser, 146). Bushs vice president Dick Cheney was on board with the president, which provided relief to Bush about the actions that he was taking. There were a lot of mixed feelings about what the United States should do, and the United States decided to go to war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was clear that President Bush wanted to move quickly about getting rid of Saddam Hussein and his regime. In 2002, President Bush moved to Congress and drew up plans to use force against Iraq. If Iraq caused problems for inspectors during their visit by looking for weapons of mass destruction as well as having a weapons program, there would be a problem (Visser, 144). Congress had fully supported President Bush and his wishes, and President Bush gave the people the opportunity to either side with him, or with the terrorists (Visser, 144). United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair gave full support to the United States if they would take military action against Iraq. While that was undoubtedly good for the United States, getting support from other nations did not come so easy. France and Germany both stated that they would not support any force against Iraq without a UN mandate (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002). It started to seem that Iraq was willing t o comply with the commands made by President Bush. Iraq had agreed to allow the UN inspectors back in to look over their programs. The Iraqi government had provided the inspectors with a 12,000 page report on their weapon capabilities, and when UN inspectors looked over the report, they noticed minimal changes since the last time they were in Iraq. Once again, this report that had minimal changes to it raised eyebrows as to whether the Iraqi government had been lying about their weapons capabilities. At that time, the United States issued a breach on the resolution that was agreed upon between the two nations and everything that was starting to look better ended up turning back to being bad, maybe even worse. (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002). After the disappointment of the progress made, Bush stated to the secretary of state Colin Powell, The inspections are not getting us there and from this point on, it had become a crisis for the United States (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002 ).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the new year beginning, the United States along with their supported ally, the United Kingdom, efforts to get a second Security resolution was underway. Also during this time, the U.S. along with the U.K. continue placing troops in and around the Gulf in case of a possible attack. United Nations inspectors had not found any weapons of mass destruction as well as no weapons programs; however the U.S did not care and were still ready to go to war whether there was a second resolution or not (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002). In the following days, the allies supporting the United States in full out war had given Saddam Hussein and his sons forty-eight hours of an ultimatum, to leave Iraq or to face an attack. When Hussein and his sons chose to stay, what has become known as Operation Iraqi Freedom had begun in the following days. The plan was laid out, first was to rid of Saddam Hussein and his regime, the second was to rid the country of its weapons of mass destruction, and third was to free the Iraqi people (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While it was evident when the war started, dethroning Saddam Hussein and his regime was the number one priority. The United States was able to do that in about two and a half weeks of entering the war known as Operation Iraqi Freedom. The next most important task to do was to destroy Iraqs weapons of mass destruction. The intelligence agencies believed that Iraq had weapons programs as well as any nuclear or chemical type weapons in their possession. Intelligence agencies thought that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and they also shared the same mindset as the president of the United States. They had come up with many different assessments of what they really believed was going on in Iraq. According to the National Intelligence Estimate, agencies thought that Baghdad had chemical and biological weapons and missiles that went well beyond UN restrictions. They also believed that if these weapons, as well as their missiles, were not checked from inspect ors of the UN, then Iraq would be able to create a nuclear weapon in a short period (National Intelligence Estimate, 9). What also drew the eyes of intelligence agencies was the oil that Iraq has. With Iraq being a major player in the oil industry, and being able to sell oil to other countries raised eyebrows. Listed in the key judgments, Iraqs growing ability to sell oil illicitly increases Baghdads capabilities to finance WMD programs: annual earnings in cash and goods have more than quadrupled, from $580 million in 1998 to about $3 billion this year (National Intelligence Estimate, 9). For Iraq to increase as much as they did in profits from oil to where they were at during this report is remarkable. It was also a growing concern to the U.S. because growing that much in that short of time can certainly help either start or improve programs of weapons of mass destruction. The agencies had come up with what they believed was the knowledge or confidence of Saddam Hussein and Iraq on using any weapons of mass destruction. There was a specific criterion of confidence levels (high, moderate, and low) about what they believed to be true. Some of the issues that they felt high confidence was the thought that Iraq was improving on their weapons programs, that Iraq possessed chemical, biological, and missiles. They were also high on the idea of precisely when Iraq would be able to produce a nuclear weapon, and they believed that it could be in a very short span. What they had knowledge on but were not exactly sure about was whether they could make one in such a short span, but they could have a nuclear weapon in the upcoming years. Lastly, what they did not precisely know was if or when Saddam Hussein would use these weapons, whether he would engage in an attack such as what Al-Qaeda had done to the United States, and whether he would share these weapons with Al-Qaeda (National Intelligence Estimate, 13).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though we know the truth of the matter that we found out that Iraq did not have any weapons of mass destruction, nor were they in the midst of making any in their weapons programs, they certainly drew red flags to the United States and their intelligence agencies. Whether it was not cooperating with the UN inspectors back in 1998 or Saddam Husseins previous use of weapons of mass destruction a decade earlier, they continued these types of actions. Up until this point, Iraq never has never fully accounted for major gaps and inconstancies in its declarations and has provided no credible proof that it has destroyed its weapons stockpiles and production infrastructure (Department of Central Intelligence, 3). Iraq has also never accounted for missing materials used in the making of chemical weapons. Chemical precursors and unfilled munitions are not accounted for because inspectors have no idea where they are and if they have destroyed them. They also do not know where 15,000 artillery rockets are or where 550 artillery shells filled with mustard agent are (Department of Central Intelligence, 10). Iraq even upgraded one of their chemical production facilities, with bringing in more product of reactor vessels. Iraq has shown support for weapons of mass destruction programs, Iraq has been able to import dual-use, WMB-relevant equipment, and material through procurements both within and outside the UN sanctions regime. Baghdad diverts some of the $10 billion worth of goods now entering Iraq every year for humanitarian needs to support the military and WMD programs instead (Department of Central Intelligence, 23). Iraq has also seemed to have worked around some of the guidelines concerning what the UN inspectors look at when materials come into the country. Inspectors do not check any of the cargo that enters through the country, and some of the cargo that comes through make intelligence agencies believe that the unchecked cargo is used to support the weapons of mass destruction programs. Also, Iraq uses many different travel methods to get the imported goods through the country without that cargo getting inspected from UN inspectors, which is a violation regarding the UN Security Council resolutions. Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, has mentioned in the past that the goods that they receive are designed to rehabilitate facilitiessuch as the Al Qaim phosphate plant and Fallujahthat in the past were used to support both industrial and weapons of mass destruction programs (Department of Central Intelligence, 25).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The people looking into all of Iraqs potential weapons of mass destruction came from Senator Pat Roberts, Chairman and Senator John D. Rockefeller IV, Vice Chairman. What exactly they were looking for was the quantity and quality of U.S. intelligence on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction programs, ties to terrorist groups, Saddam Husseins threat to stability and security in the region, and his repression of his people (Select Committee of Intelligence, 1). There were still many questions about whether Iraq had weapons of mass destruction or was continuing the programs that they already had. Issues about exactly how long it would take for Iraq to build a nuclear weapon stating that IC analysts believed that Iraq had started reconstitution efforts in 1999 by starting to put the nuclear program back together.The five to seven-year clock started in 2002in other words, the time of the estimate (Select Committee of Intelligence, 86). The committee had also given multiple reasons why they considered Iraq to build up their nuclear program. Aluminum tubes, used for uranium enrichment, was one of the major reasons why they believed Iraq was building its weapons program. The second observation that the committee had come to was magnets, third was a high-speed balancing machine, machine tools, Iraqs support of wanting better weapons personnel, and activity at several suspect nuclear sites. The CIA even published a one-page article about the reasons they believed that the aluminum tubes were brought there specifically for their weapons program, stating In August of 2002, the CIA published its first detailed paper explaining its assessment that the aluminum tubes were destined for Iraqs nuclear program.provided a one-page outline of the CIAs assessment that the tubes materials, exceedingly stringent tolerances, high cost, and the secrecy surrounding procurement attempts, indicated that the tubes were destined for Iraqs gas centrifuge program (Sele ct Committee of Intelligence, 93). U.S. intelligence agencies also believed that Iraq was high on their biological weapons program. Analysts were a little frightened that Saddam Hussein may have got his hands on a clandestine BW production capability which increases to turn out several hundred tons of unconcentrated BW agents a year (Select Committee Intelligence, 144). Agents had also become concerned with the fact that Iraq did not get rid of their biological weapons. The National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) had truly believed that Iraqs BW program was more equipped than it was before the Gulf War, and they had come up with a list of reasons of why they believe that. The facilities that Baghdad has for producing their BW agents raise a concern to the NIE. Baghdad has moved to bigger facilities to produce their production. Also, with UN inspectors not being in Iraq since 1998, Iraq has helped maintain the BW program, as well as being able to develop genetically engineered BW agents (Select Committee Intelligence, 147-148). As far as Iraqs chemical weapons program goes, analysts were also unsure about their program but had suspected that after the First Gulf War, nothing much has changed with their chemical weapons. The NIEs report on their chemical weapons remains exactly unsure stating We have seen no indication since the Gulf War that Iraq has engaged in large-scale production of CW agents, but we cannot rule out the small-scale production has occurred (Select Committee Intelligence, 196). As with the other intelligence report, this report also lists what the analysts had high confidence, moderate confidence, and low confidence. One of the reports listed in the high confidence part was we are not detecting portions of these weapons programs (Select Committee Intelligence, 208). The major problem with all of these reports from the NIE is that they believe or assume that Iraq has weapon programs, and it seems none of them are certain of what Iraq is doing. It even states in the report that None of the intelligence reporting provided to the Committee showed that Iraq was expanding its chemical infrastructure primarily to support CW production (Select Committee Intelligence, 204).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overall, after the war had ended in December 2011 reports had come out about the war. When President Bush entered the White House, one of his main goals was to dethrone Saddam Hussein as president of Iraq. All of the reports leading up to the war of Iraq having a weapons program were not true. From the Origins of the Second World War, reports of the weapons of mass destruction were not confirmed even after the end of the war. In 2008 while the war was still going on, President Bush talks about his biggest regret during his presidency, and he replies I dont knowthe biggest regret of all the presidency has to have been the intelligence failure in Iraq (Kikalishvili, 41). President Bush also spoke a lot about Iraq in his memoir, Decision Points, where he talks about Saddam Hussein stating Before 9/11, Saddam was a problem America might have been able to manage. Through the lens of the post-9/11 world, my view changed. I had just witnessed the damage inflicte d by nineteen fanatics armed with box cutters. I could only imagine the destruction possible if an enemy dictator pass his WMD to terrorists (Bush, 229). Former Secretary of State under George H.W. Bush, James Baker, brought to light of the brilliance of the First Gulf War. He also talked shortly about the Second Gulf War, stating that by 2003, Saddam Hussein had violated numerous United Nations resolutions, that Congress authorized military action and that intelligence agencies believe (erroneously) that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (Jackson, Academic OneFile). There is one major part to take away from this war, that it was a crisis created by the United States.

Essay about The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer

The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucers Pardoner is unique within the group travelling to Canterbury. While the Parson, the Wife of Bath, the Clerk, and others would love to sway the group toward their respective opinions and views, the Pardoner intends to swindle the group out of its money. His sermons are based on sound theology, but they are rendered hollow by his complete lack of integrity in applying them to his own life. He is a hypocrite - his root intention is to accrue money. Curiously, the Pardoner is openly honest about the nature of his operations. The portrait of the Pardoner in the General Prologue gives an overture to this character by stating simply what he does. He targets simple (often†¦show more content†¦The Pardoners tale becomes a microcosm of the Canterbury Tales itself: an attempt to find a holy, didactic message within entertainment and baseness. Further analysis of the Pardoner himself leads to the question of whether there is any good within him. The Pardoner makes it ext remely clear to the group (and, incidentally, to us as readers) exactly how he swindles common people. He then goes on to attempt the same actions against them after telling his tale, a seemingly absurd act. Chaucer isnt simply being sloppy here in trying to convey the Pardoners nature to us as readers - if Chaucer didnt want the travelers to know how the Pardoner works, then he would have told us more discreetly. There must be some reason for the Pardoners indiscretion. Even while under the influence (however great or small) of alcohol, he wouldnt tell the group what he does unless he wanted to. It remains, then, to explore further the Pardoners character and the reasons for his actions. I stated earlier that the Pardoners root intention is to accrue money. This is the account that he offers himself. The Pardoners lack of discretion, however, negates this root drive. If he only wants money, then his presence in the pilgrimage is exclusively for swindling the others. He wou ld not have complicated that goal by revealing his art - which he does. This revealing, then, might be explained as a perverse game or challenge to his skills as a con artist. Perhaps theShow MoreRelatedThe Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer1582 Words   |  7 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales a collection of short tales in the 14th century. The compilation of stories are told by different characters within the narrative as part of a game proposed by the host. Each individual must tell two stories on their journey and two stories on their way back. Each story tells some aspects of English life during the time and often added satire like qualities to the English life. In particular Chaucer often tells stories with elements of the relationshipRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer consists of frame narratives were a group of pilgrims that are traveling from Southwark to the shire of St. Becker in the Canterbury Cathedral, tell each other to pass time until they arrive at their destination. During The Canterbury Tales the reader is exposed to many characters that represent all of the social classes of medieval England and the reader gets to know them from t he general prologue to each individual tale. One of these characters is the PardonerRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2127 Words   |  9 PagesIt is unknown when Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, but it is assumed that he wrote it in 1387. There are many different aspects and themes throughout this paper that are very prominent. One theme that is very important is the importance of company. 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Although there are not as many women included as men, their storiesRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2648 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their stories give some extraordinaryRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2221 Words   |  9 Pagesin medieval literature is the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer. This research seeks to examine the life of Chaucer, the Canterbury Tales, and the impact and legacy of both the author and the work. Agnes Copton gave birth to a baby boy c. 1340, whom she named Geoffrey. The baby took the surname of his father John Chaucer, who came from a family of wine merchants. The family relied on strategic relationships to subsidize where they lacked in wealth. Chaucer was fluent in French, ItalianRead MoreCanterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1380 Words   |  6 PagesCanterbury Tales Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer was a story of not the people themselves but a social statement of how the people of higher standing were viewed by the middle class. In the time that Canterbury Tales was written it was a time of corruption of the Church. There were many clergy members that were mentioned in this story. Each of the characters was unique in the way they went against the standards they should be held to. The most interesting this story was definitely The

Converse Hits the Shoe Industry - 1602 Words

Background In 1908 Marquis Mills Converse opened the Converse Rubber Shoe Company in Malden, Massachusetts. The manufacturing company made rubber shoe, providing winter rubber soled footwear for men, women, and children. By 1910, Converse was creating 4,000 shoes daily, but it was not until 1915 that the company began making athletic shoes for sports. In 1917 Converse All-Star basketball shoe was introduced. Then in 1921, a basketball player named Charles H. Chuck Taylor walked into Converse complaining of sore feet. Converse agreed to design him a shoe if he becomes the face of the brand, in which he accepted. Chuck Taylor began promoting Converse shoes around the United States, and in 1932 Taylor’s signature was added to the All Star patch on the classic, high-topped sneakers. It is worth mentioning that Converse also customized shoes for the New York Renaissance, the first all-African American professional basketball team. On March 2, 1962, Wilt Chamberlain, an American basketball player for the Philadelphia Warriors, scored 100 points in a game while wearing his pair of Chucks, taking a 169–147 victory over the New York Knicks. Throughout the 1960’s- 1970’s Converse launched a new athletic performance footwear, apparel and accessories for basketball, tennis, football, track, wrestling and other sports. By this time well known athletes could not wait to own a pair of Converse shoes. A decade later Converse invests in athletic biomechanics research, leading to technicalShow MoreRelatedConverse : More Than Just Shoes1640 Words   |  7 PagesConverse: More than just shoes The Chuck Taylor or Converse as everyone knows them, are everlasting icons of American culture. Everyone wears chucks from James Dean in the 60’s to Michelle Obama now. The range of owners of converse is astounding. The range of use in converse is amazing. The Chuck Taylor has been named one of the most influential shoes of all time. 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Following is a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity and threat) analysis of this great American business enterprise. Strengths: Marketing expertise Nike is a marketing trailblazer. Its commercials are so unique and iconic that every new advertising campaign is analysed by industry watchers andRead MoreIndustry Analysis Paper2047 Words   |  9 PagesAthletic Footwear Industry Analysis When you think of athletic footwear what are your first thoughts? Nike? Under armor? Skechers? K-Swiss? All these companies have a common type of product/category called athletic footwear that they all sell and make a huge profit from. Throughout our analysis we will focus primarily on the United States Market industry compared to the International industry in athletic footwear/ running shoes. Within the United States there is a wide variety of different typesRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Nike Corporation1746 Words   |  7 Pagesa graphic design student named Carolyn Davidson. By 1972, new athletic footwear was introduced by Blue Ribbon Sports and called Nike. The Blue Ribbon Sports Company had business relations with Onitsuka Tiger for nearly ten years and in 1972 the two hit a bump in the road. Due to a dispute over distribution there was an eventual sever in business dealings between the two companies. That same year the Nike line of footwear made its debut in February at a Chi cago sporting goods show. At the 1972 OlympicRead More Fashion in 60s Essay example1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss fashion of the forties without first understanding the tremendous impact World War II had on everyday life during the early part of the decade. World War II changed the world of fashion forever. Severe restrictions were imposed on the apperal industry by the government (Keogh). For men the tailored silhoutte, with padded shoulders and a narrow waist and hips, were essentially frozen until the late nineteen forties (Keogh). 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By 1972, new athletic footwear was introduced by Blue Ribbon Sports and called Nike. The Blue Ribbon Sports Company had business relations with Onitsuka Tiger for nearly ten years and in 1972 the two hit a bump in the road. Due to a dispute over dist ribution there was an eventual sever in business dealings between the two companies. That same year the Nike line of footwear made its debut in February at a Chicago sporting goods show. At the 1972 Olympic

Paper on Cold-Rolling of Steels in Pil Free Essays

[pic] INTRODUCTION ABOUT PENNAR INDUSTRIES LIMITED Pennar industries limited are a multi-product, multi-location enterprise. The company manufactures six different products. †¢ Cold rolled steel strips †¢ Cold rolled form sections †¢ Engineering components †¢ Road safety systems †¢ Precision tubes †¢ Fabrication Pennar industries has received the ISO 9001,2000 quality certification from RWTUV of Germany and committed to achieving excellence in the quality of product. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper on Cold-Rolling of Steels in Pil or any similar topic only for you Order Now The CRSS division, with its units at Patancheru, Isnapur and Chennai has combined annual cold rolling capacity of 1,20,000 Metric Tons. Pennar manufactures Steel Strips from 600mm to 750mm width and thickness range of 0. 25 to 5. 00mm both in coil and sheet form. Pennar caters to a wide range of customers from various sectors like: †¢ Automobiles †¢ Wide goods †¢ Domestic appliances †¢ Bearings †¢ General engineering industries FACILITIES: †¢ Quality control measures at every stage of the manyfacturing process, right from the selection of raw material to chemical analysis using spectrometer. †¢ Semi-continuous push-pell type pickling lines feed the rolling mill with scale free,iled and bright HR coils. †¢ PLC-Controlled MECON WEAN UNITED 4-HI Rolling Mill. Bell type annealing furnaces for heat treating of cold rolled steel strip †¢ Skin pass mills. CR Slitting lines and Cut to length lines. †¢ Every process is closely monitored and end products are subjected to a battery of tests to determine Hardness, Tensile strength, Yield strength,% of Elongation, cupping test and Bend test in order to meet stringent customer specification. †¢ Finished products are carefully packed, using polythene and gunny for coils and poly craft and wooden/steel pallets for sheets to provide total protection to the products during transit and handling. Pennar Industries group is well known for fulfilling their commitments. Many times they have been awarded and rewarded. [pic] PROCESS FLOW CHART (COLD ROLLED CLOSE ANNEALED STEEL STRIP) [pic][pic] RAW MATERIAL AND SOURCES The raw material for production of CRSS is ‘Hot Rolled Steel coils’ and these HR coils are produced by using â€Å"primary roughing mills† which is a 2-HI reversing mill with a 0. 6 to 1. 4 mm diameter rolls. The main purpose of the mill is to reduce casting ingots into blooms. The work piece has to be pass 10-20 times between the rolls, to have a desired width, the work piece is made to pass through â€Å"edge grooves†. HR colis are also produced in ‘Universal Mills’ without edge grooves. These coils are mainly low carbon steels which are either ‘Si’ or ‘Al’ killed. Specifications: Range 1. width 1350-1800 mm 2. Thickness 5-6 mm Ultimate Tensile strength 80 kg /mm2 Yield strength 40 kg/mm These Hot rolled coils are exported from many places like JINDAL STEEL WORKS (Karnataka), LLOYD STEELS LTD (Maharashtra), ESSAR STEELS LTD (Gujarat), ISPAT INDUSTRIES LTD (Maharashtra), SAIL etc.. There will be a sticker present on every HR coil and it will be as follows†¦ ISPAT INDUSTRIES LTD DIST-RAIGAD, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA Heat Number : 08201137 Coil Number : 0820113706/0 Grade/Specification : WG29AC Batch Number : 0001063785 Invoice Number : 2180040447 Invoice Date : 07. 05. 08 Net Weight : 23. 700MT / 52258. 501lbs Size : 1250. 00mm x 4. 00mm x mm Customer :Pennar Industries Limited Purchase Order No : 0021047514 A sample of these HR coils is taken and it is sent to spectroscopy lab for chemical analysis. SPECTROSCOPY Chemical analysis: Chemical composition of steels is checked by means of SPECTRO. Generally C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo, Ni, Al, Cu, Nb, Ti, V, Sn, B, and N are analyzed. Test procedure for spector is as below. Preparation of sample: ? The sample must be free from slag inclusions, rust, grease, oil, fracture, voids. ? The sample must be handy for polishing. ? The dimension of the sample must be fit on the spark stand. ? The sample must be flat (to get completely seated on the spark stand). The sample is prepared on the abrasive disc grinder by using suitable abrasives having 60 grade coarseness. Method of Testing: The spectro lab is switched on half-n-hour before sparking for warming up. The spark stand is flushed with grade-I argon for few seconds before sparking. Before sparking the unknown, the primary standard/internal standards are sparked and results are compared. If the resul ts found to be ok sparking of the unknown sample is carried out by keeping the prepared unknown samples on spark stand in inverted position and is clamped and sparking is carried out. If the results are found not ok, the spectro lab is standardized with setting up samples (RE12, RE13, RE14, 5 SUS 5) supplied along with spectro lab. |[pic] | Each sample is sparked for minimum 2 times and the average results are recorded and print is taken out and the composition is known. These HR coils are sent to HR slitters.. HR SLITTERS Hot rolled coils are slitted as desired to provide material for cold-rolling. For slitting of HRSI in 1350 mm whereas HRSII is 1800 mm. he different parameters the coils,two slitters HRSI and HRSII are in use. The maximum slitting width are: Coil parameter input coil output coil Coil I. D500mm (or) 880mm 500 mm Coil O. D 1800 mm 1370(max) Coil weight 30 Tons(max) 10 tons(max) Strip thickness 5 mm – 8 mm 5 mm – 8 mm Width 1500 mm(max) 1500 mm(max) Line speed:250m/min. | |HOT ROLLED SLITTER | |[pic] | | | PICKLING Immersion of a metal component in a solution which is preferentially remove oxides and mill scales, with little effect upon the underlying metal. Solutions are usually acids or alkalies, often with addition of an inhibitors to minimize attack on the underlying metal. Typical solutions for plain carbon steels are: 5% HCl + 0. 05% Galvene at 15-500 C PROCESS: The aim of pickling is to remove the oxidation scales rust formed during hot rolling. Initially the HR slitted coil strip is passed through three tanks called the ACID TANKS or PROCESS TANKS (Tanks 1, 2 3) in which the commercial HCL (Hydro Chloric Acid) acid is present with maximum concentration of 20%. In this pickling all the rust and scales on the sheet are removed. Once the sheet is passed through acid tanks it is then passed through rinse water tanks 1, 2 and 3. This is done so because after the coil is passed through the acid tanks the acid will be present on the coil/sheet. When we clean with soft water then it becomes safe for the operator. Once the coil/sheet is rinsed there are chances of getting corroded again that are why water is drained away from the coil/sheet by hot air drier and finally applied emulsion (Castrol) oil on the coil to prevent corrosion. The specifications of acid tanks 1, 2 and 3 are listed below: Acid Tank -1 Acid concentration : 2-7% % Iron content : 22max Temperature : 55-70oC Acid Tank-2 Acid concentration : 6-12% % Iron content : 22max Temperature : 50-65oC Acid Tank-3 Acid concentration : 9-16% Iron content : 20max Temperature : 45-60oC Types of pickling equipment: †¢ Cage picklers †¢ Push pull picklers †¢ Semi-continuous pickle lines †¢ Shallow picklers †¢ Turbulent pickling †¢ Spiral pickling. In pennar industries, we use semi-continuous pickling . [pic] The main reactions which take place during pickling are: Fe0+2HCl ( FeCl2+H2O Fe+2HCl ( FeCl2+H2 Care should be taken during pickling to pre vent the pitting, small holes and formation of spots on the coil due to over pickling will reduce the thickness of the sheet. When the pickling process is going on, by titration process we have to check he percentage of acid and iron in the tanks. TITRATION PROCESS: Titration process is carried out to know the percentage of iron and acid content in the tanks. This is because if the iron content exceeds the permissible level(20% Fe Content) in acid tank, then acid is to be taken off and new acid is added in the tanks to carry out pickling. Take 20ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Add 0. 2ml of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to it. Then add few drops of acid indicator named Bromophenol blue AR with chemical formula C19H10O5SBr4 to obtain yellow coloured solution. Take Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) in a burette and note down the initial reading. Start titrating with NaOH solution till brown coloured solution (i. e. end-point) is obtained. Note down the final reading. The difference of the final and the initial reading is determined. From the table, the corresponding percentage of acid is noted down. Then add few drops of Orthophosphoric acid to neutralize the solution. Add few drops of iron indicator named Barium Diphenylamine Sulphonate GR with chemical formula C24H20BaN2O6S2 to obtain yellow colured solution. Take Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in a burette and note the initial reading. Start titrating with K2Cr2O7 solution till brown coloured solution (i. . end-point) is reached. Note down the final reading. The difference of the final and the initial readings is determined. From the table, the corresponding percentage of iron is noted down. OBSERVATIONS: 1. Titration with NaOH: Initial Reading : 25. 2 Final Reading : 26. 9 Difference : 1. 7 From the table, 3. 06% of acid. 2. Titration with K2Cr2O7: Initial Reading : 22. 9 Final Reading : 29. 0 Difference : 6. 1 From the table, 17. 08% of iron content. NOTE: After pickling recoilng is carried out with tension and apply the emulsion oil to prevent corrosion. These pickled coils are processed to next stage i. e. , cold rolling. COLD ROLLING COLD ROLLING is the process where the material is deformed plastically by passing it between rolls below recrystallisation temperature. In pennar industries cold rolling is done by 4HI Reversible Cold Rolling Mill. The name itself indicates that it is a reversible mill i. e. the rollers can rotate in forward as well as in reverse directions. In 4 HI Rolling mill, there are four rollers, of which two are back-up rolls and another two are work rolls. The load is fed to the back-up rolls and the sheet is passed through the work rolls. The back-up rolls act as the driving rolls and the work rolls as driven rolls. The direction of driving and driven rolls is opposite to each other. [pic] 4 HI-COLD REVERSING MILL PROCESS: Pickled coils are reduced to final gauge at the 4HI mill by forward and reverse rolling with load applied on the work rolls through the SCREWDOWN MECHANISM. The coils are placed on the coil car by an EOT crane. The coil car is moved towards the mandrel to load it. After loading on the mandrel the coil is fed into the work roils through the pay off reel to the delivery tension mandrel (DTR). From DTR the coil is passed through rolls to Entry Tension Reel (ETR). The coil is reduced in each pass according to the required thickness. Most care is taken during rolling to maintain required tension and speed such that the possibilities of rolling defects are minimum. The pass from the pay-off to DTR is known as the first pass and for the second pass the coil is sent from DTR to ETR. The number of passes depends on gauge reduction / final requirement. The diameters of the back-up rolls are 610mm and the work rolls are of 225mm. The barrel lengths of the rolls are 700mm and 768mm. There is a gear box present for the screw down load. There are primary and secondary motors. The ratio of primary motor is of 1:16 and that of secondary motor is 1:32. The pitch of the screw down screw is 8mm and diameter is 180mm. At the weld portion the mill is slow down and the number wraps at which weld passed the roll bite is noted down the direction of rolling reversed. The tail end is clamped to the entry tension reel . tension and load are applied and level is checked. Guage is checked by the help of non contact guage and the mill is operated at higher speeds. The operation is repeated till the doil is finished to the final guage. Final pass reduction is maintained low i. e. , 8%-16%. To maintain shape coil is wounded on low tension. Final pass thickness is checked at operating and drive sides and it is maintained throughout the strip by adjusting load and tension after the rolling operation is over the coil end lap is wound,and bonded and transferred to the skid. TECHNICAL DATA ON ROLLING: MILL MANUFACTURES: Latest computer controlled MECON WEAN UNITED 4 HI cold reversing Mill GRADES : Mild steel[DDDEDDEDDSMEDIUM] SPECIFICATIONS : IS 513, IS 4397,IS 4030 STRIPSHEET WIDTH : 25 mm to 630 mm THICKNESS : 0. 25 mm to 6. 00 mm SURFACE FINSH : Bright, Fine Matt, Matt, Rough. BACK UP ROLL DIA : 610 mm to 567 mm WORK ROLLS DIA : 225 mm WORK ROLL LENGTH : 700 mm After cold rolling process, the grains are enlarged the coil becomes very hard due to work hardening and internal stresses that are developed in the material. In order to restore ductility and relieve internal stresses of the material ANNEALING has to be done. ANNEALING Annealing is the process of heat treatment by which the metal very ductile. It is also used to homogenize the material, composition by diffusion and it relieves the residual stresses which are arising from cold working. It also results in grain refinement by recrystallisation process. The temperature to which the metal is subjected and the time for which the temperature is maintained depends upon the parent metal and the particular properties that are desired on the final stage. In pennar industries annealing is generally carried out for following reasons:- ? To obtain softness. ? To increase or restore ductility. ? To relieve internal stresses. ? To refine grain structure. To homogenize the mechanical properties. In Pennar Industries SUB CRITICAL ANNEALING is carried out (below recrystallisation temperature). SUB CRITICAL ANNEALING Is a method of annealing while include heating of metal to the metal below the lower critical temperature. I. e. below 737C. Soaking for some time and cooling at a very slow rate in the furnace it self. ANNEALING PROCEDURE: Gener ally, Annealing is carried out in bell type furnaces or Electric arc furnaces which uses diesel and LPG as a fuel and temperature will be regulated by the fuel supply to undergo annealing process. BELL TYPE FURNACE [pic] TECHNICAL DATA: FURNACE : Apex and allied COIL DETAILS : OD 1200 -1700 ID 400 OR 500 CHARGE WEIGHTS : 30000 TO 40000 CHARGE HEIGHT : 2650 MM (MAX) FURNACE TEMP : 960 (MAX) FLOW METER FOR NITROGEN GAS: TEMPERATURE :86 0 C(MAX) PRESSURE : 1 PSI (MAX) The different stages in annealing process are as follows: Charging: The coils are stacked on the base in such a way that coils with decreasing diameter will be arranged from bottom to top. The coil should be stacked with centers of the coils and axis. If furnace stacking should be absolutely concentric so that uniform gap is obtained between the coils and inner cover. The intermediate concentricity should be provided between all the coils to ensure good circulation. Purging: The inner hood shall be brought on to the charge and fixed to the base. The protective gas flow starts at a rate of 15 Nm3/ hour and maintained for about 45 min, so that the initial air in the hood is fully replaced by the protective gas. This process is called as purging process. Heating: After the charging space has been filled with HYDROGEN and NITROGEN and flow rate of around 15m/hr, the heating can be commenced. All the settings and attachments needed to start the furnace are finished. The rate of heating depends upon the charge weight, % of reduction and carbon equalent. Generally heating rate is 40c/hour upto 520c and 30c/hour from above 520c. In PENNAR INDUSTRIES fired furnaces are used for heating. When the temperature at the thermocouple reaches the set point the fuel supply will be regulated periodically. Soaking: Maintaining the specific temperature of charge for required hours , is known as soaking. In the process the charge coil are soaked for some hours depending upon the different qualities of coils, under the required temperature. When the soaking is over, an audio alarm is given and the furnace is automatically disconnected by the central controls. The annealing cycle comes on end. Cooling: The furnace is removed from the base and cooling hood is brought on the base to expand the cooling process. The cooling hood is removed when the charge temperature reaches about 90c. At 90c the charge is ready for loading. After cooling, the coils are discharged from the base and are placed for air cooling. The coils are cooled completely for room temperature in 2 to 3 hrs, after which they are processed further. PSL consists of 33 bases, 14 furnaces and 16 cooling hoods in annealing yard. The loading capabilities of different bases are given. Bases capacity(tons) 22. 15-20 33. 25-30 Technical characteristics: Charge materials : MS,D,DD,EDD Stack height :2650 mm(max) Estimated coil dia : 1600(max) Charge temperature :300 C Annealing temp : 7300 C Bell furnace temp : 9000 C Flow of protective gases: During purging ;14 Nm3/hr During heating :8-10 Nm3/hr During cooling :2 Nm3/hr PROTECTIVE GAS PLANT Protective Gas plant is operated for producing Nitrogen in pennar steels ltd. Equipment:- In Pennar steels the Nitrogen gas produces from air by absorption with pure drier and ammonia cracker unit. PLANT CAPACITY :60 N. M3 HR TYPE :PSA 60. 7. 10 + DEOXO/NLPD 60. 7+CU 60. 7+NH3 -10E ANALYSIS :HYDROGEN APPROX 4% BY VOLUME OXYGEN MAX 10 PPM AMMONIA MAX 10-20PPM NITROGEN+RARE GASSES-BALANCE DEW POINT :APPROX 40 C WITH DELIVERY PRESSURE CONSUMPTION : GAS AMMONIA APPROX 1. 8 KG/HR AT MAX VALUES PRESSSURE OF 18 KG/CM2 POWER APPROX :49. 87 KWH/HR COOLING WATER :12. 5 M3/HR TEMP INLET : 300C TEMP OUTLET :400C PRESSURE :2-3 KG/CM2 SKIN PASS The annealed cold rolled strip is very limited in its usage because of the yield point phenomenon. When annealed strip is processed in the dead soft condition, it tends to yield unequally manifesting luder lines or stretcher strains. This is the process manifestation of the break in the stress strain curves. If luder lines are to be avoided, this thing has to be smoothened as shown in the adjacent curve. This is achieved by the process of skin pass where the strip is given a very minor reduction of the order of 1. % max elongation. This makes the strip surface tough but the interior of the strip retains the softness so that when further drawing operations are carried out, the strip forms smoothly without any evidence of luder lines. The other advantages of temper rolling are as follows: ? Providing desired finishes such as matt or bright on the strip surface ? Imparting flatness to the strip ? Breaking up spangles from galvanized strip Skin pass process:- |[pic] | Skin pass is a process of applying a regulated and very low load on the material in the mill it self. The reduction of thickness in skin pass is just below 5% reduction. The skin pass operation is a single pass operation unlike reduction in the rolling mill. The operation is similar to rolling but only one pass from pay off reel to delivery reel is giving with minimum load and with required surface finish work rolls and with proper tension. Anticrimping rolls are used in the skin pass for good shape control and to go flat surface. Surface roughness of the material is measured with the help of surface roughness checking unit i. . ,SURTRONIC-10. After the skin pass a sample is taken from the strip and it is sent to quality assurance department to find out the different properties like UTS,YS,elongation,hardness,drawability and bending. QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT Various mechanical test has to be done on the sample taken from the product(coil) to prove its quality. The various machine ry in use,in QAD are †¢ Vacuum spectroscopy †¢ Rockwell Hardness Machine †¢ Vickers hardness machine †¢ Universal testing machine †¢ Ericsson testing machine †¢ Optical microscope. HARDNESS TEST: Hardness is defines as â€Å"Resistance of metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. However, the term may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching, abrasion, or cutting. It is the property of a metal, which gives it the ability to resist being permanently, deformed (bent, broken, or have its shape changed), when a load is applied. The greater the hardness of the metal, the greater resistance it has to deformation. There are three types of tests used with accuracy by the metals industry; they are the Brinell hardness test, the Rockwell hardness test, and the Vickers hardness test. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST: The Rockwell Hardness test is a hardness measurement based on the net increase in depth of impression as a load is applied In the Rockwell method of hardness testing, The indenter may either be a steel ball of some specified diameter or a spherical diamond-tipped cone of 120? angle and 0. 2 mm tip radius, called Brale. The type of indenter and the test load determine the hardness scale(A, B, C, etc) A minor load of 10 kg is first applied, which causes an initial penetration and holds the indenter in place. Then, the dial is set to zero and the major load is applied. Upon removal of the major load, the depth reading is taken while the minor load is still on. The hardness number may then be read directly from the scale. SCALES AND VALUES: The different scale used for different materials are tabulated as follows: |Various Rockwell scales[7] | |Scale | VICKERS HARDNESS TEST: Vickers hardness is a measure of the hardness of a material, calculated from the size of an impression produced under load by a pyramid-shaped diamond indenter. Devised in the 1920s by engineers at Vickers, Ltd. , in the United Kingdom, the diamond pyramid hardness test, as it also became known, permitted the establishment of a continuous scale of comparable numbers that accurately reflected the wide range of hardnesses found in steels. The indenter employed in the Vickers test is a square-based pyramid whose opposite sides meet at the apex at an angle of 136?. The diamond is pressed into the surface of the material at loads ranging up to approximately 120 kilograms-force, and the size of the impression (usually no more than 0. 5 mm) is measured with the aid of a calibrated microscope. The Vickers number (HV) is calculated using the following formula: HV = 1. 854(LD2) [pic] with L being the applied load (measured in kilograms-force) and D2 the area of the indentation (measured in square millimetres). The applied load is usually specified when HV is cited. As a result of the latitude in applied loads, Vickers testers is applicable to measuring the hardness of very thin sheets as well as heavy sections. The specimen is taken from the strip and indentation is done by using both vicker and Rockwell and then the values of Vickers and Rockwell is tabulated . TENSILE TEST:- Tensile test is done to know the tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation of the material whether they are in specified limits of the customer tolerances are not. Tensile test values apply to transverse specimen in case of sheets/strips. Strips having a width of 250mm and below shall be tested longitudinally. UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE [pic] PROCEDURE:- Tensile test is widely used to determine strength, ductility, toughness, resilience and several other material properties. A test specimen of rectangular crossection of 20mm width of suitable length is prepared from the material to be tested. During the preparation of the sample to avoid sharp sides by deburring the sample with the help of file, this reduces the chances of failures of specimen at low stress values. After this the specimen is held by suitable means between the two heads of a testing machine and subjected to a progressively increasing tensile load till the specimen fractures. A record of the load acting on the specimen with progressive extension of the specimen is obtained. YIELD STRENGTH:- Most non ferrous materials and high strength steels do not possess a well defined yield point. For these materials the maximum useful strength is the yield strength. The yield strength is the stress at which the material exhibits a specifies limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. This value is usually determined by the â€Å"off-set method†. The value of off-set method is generally between 0. 1 and 0. 2 % of the gauge length. The value of yield strength can be calculate by YS = ((DIVISIONS * LOAD) / (WIDTH * GAUGE)) = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. N/sq. mm Here, the divisions are obtained from the graph between stress and strain given by the UTS machine. The experimental values are tabulated. DUCTILITY: The ductility of material is indicated by the amount of deformation i. e. , possible until fracture. This is determined in tension test by two measurements ELONGATION: This is determined by fitting together, after fracture, the parts of the specimen and measuring the distance between the original gauge marks Elongation=(Lf-Lo)/ LoX100 Where Lf-Final gauge length Lo- Original gauge length In reporting percentage elongation, the Original gauge length must be specified since the percentage elongation will vary with gauge length Elongation is carried out in UTS machine and the values are obtaines in either 50 GL 80 GL. The experimental values are tabulated: ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH: The value of ultimate tensile strength gives the maximum stress that the strip can with stand before fracture and this value can be calculated by the graph obtained from the universal testing machine. The graph plotted in between the load applies and strain. UTS = (LOAD/(WIDTH * GAUGE)) = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. N/sq. mm EXPERIMENTAL DATA Mechanical Properties: | |S/P ID |MIDDLE |S/P OD | |COIL NO |83215-A |83215-A |83215-A | |SIZE |492 X 1. 8 |492 X 1. |492 X 1. 8 | |QUALITY |D |D |D | |SPECIFICATION |S/P (ID) |CTL (M) |S/P (OD) | |GAUGE |2. 0 |1. 8 |1. 78 | |WIDTH |20. |20. 2 |20. 3 | |LOAD |14000N |10206N |12370N | |UTS |348. 25N/sq. mm |320. 72N/sq. mm |342. 37N/sq. mm | |HRB |59 |57 |57 | |YS |250. 7N/sq. mm | |271. 25N/sq. mm | |ELONGATION | | | | |80GL |41 |40 |38 | |50GL |47 |46 |44 | |S/P ID |MIDDLE |S/P OD | |COIL NO |83312-A |83312-A |83312-A | |SIZE |408 X 1. 2 |408 X 1. 2 |408 X 1. | |QUALITY |EDD |EDD |EDD | |SPECIFICATION |S/P (ID) |CTL (M) |S/P (OD) | |GAUGE |2. 4 |1. 22 |1. 29 | |WIDTH |20. 2 |20. 3 |20. | |LOAD |14000N |6870N |7470N | |UTS |288. 77N/sq. mm |277. 39N/sq. mm |285. 25N/sq. mm | |VPN/RHN |75 |42/43 |44/45 | |YS |235. 14N/sq. mm |214. 81N/sq. mm |265. 14N/sq. m | |ELONGATION | | | | |80GL |40 |41 |41 | |50GL |46 |47 |47 | COLD ROLLED SLITTING The width of the coil at the time of HR Slitting is planned such that the width at which the material is rolled will be generally in multiples of the requirements. Also at the time of rolling the edges of the sheet will be damaged. So in order to remove the spoiled edges the cold roll slitting is done. The slitting of the coil is done according to work order. The main purpose of slitting is to ensure that:- 1. width is always as per the W. O requirements and the properties are also ensured 2. sufrace of the strips on both sides is to be ensured as free from defects such as rust, pits, holes,scales,dents,unslit edges, laminations,patches,scratches,scoring and other defects which disturbs the end products 3. hape,cambers and other requirements has given in the W. O are totally ensured. 4. Rust preventive oil is applied uniformly on all sheets or wraps. PROCESS: The coils are placed on the coil car by EOT cranes. The coil mandrel is expanded to grip the coil and binding strap is cut. The uncoiler is inched by the inched drive and the load end is separated from the coil. The load end is taken to the entry pinch roll, hold down roll is lifted and fu rther threading is done by jogging pinch roll drive. [pic] | Side guide is adjusted to the correct width. The slitter drive is jogged and load end is passed ahead of the slitter. The loop pit table is transverse over the pit by jogging slitter. The slit stands are taken to drag wise over the loop pit table which is separated and threaded to recoiler. The slit stands are passed properly in the rewind mandrel. The drag vice is closed and few wraps are taken by jogging and the recoiled is under low tension. The scrap is threaded to scrap winder and initially winding is done by jogging the drive. The machine can be run at a required speed The CRS machine is chosen as per the specifications of the machine for which the gauge of the sheet forms the important criteria. The specifications of different CRS machines are as follows: CRS I: MAKE : M/S DAS NAGAR, KOLKATTA SPECIFICATIONS : I/P COIL THICKNESS : 0. 25 to 6mm max ID : 500mm OD : 1800mm MAX COIL WT : 10MT O/P COIL WIDTH : 20mm to 710mm NO OF SLITS : 7 max TOL : +/- 0. 15 ID : 400/500mm OD : 1800mm CRS II: MAKE : M/S BOMBAY CRANES PVT. LTD, MUMBAI SPECIFICATIONS : I/P COIL THICKNESS : 100mm to 7. 2mm max ID : 500mm OD : 1800mm MAX COIL WT : 10MT O/P COIL WIDTH : 20mm to 710mm max NO OF SLITS : 7 max TOL : +/- 0. 15 ID : 500mm OD : 1800mm CRS III: MAKE : LYKA INDUSTRIES, KOLKATTA SPECIFICATIONS : I/P COIL THICKNESS : 0. 3 to 1. 2mm ID : 400(500mm) OD : 1600mm MAX COIL WT : 2MT O/P COIL WIDTH : 6mm to 250mm ID : 400(500mm) OD : 1500mm NO OF SLITS : 7 max TOL : + / – 0. 15 CUT TO LENGTH After slitting of CR coils in slitters into required sheet form, it will taken into the C. T. L Units. The coil is fed through leveler and copped to the length required by the customer. The length, width, thickness, quality and the visible defects are checked by the quality department persons. The finished sheets and strips shall be free from harmful defects, such as scale, rust, blisters, laminations, pitting, porosity, cracks or torn edges or any other defects which are harmful to the intended use. The degree or amount of surfaces defects in a coil may be expected to be more than in cut length because of the impossibility of rejecting portions of the coil. This shall be taken into account by the purchaser in his assessment of the material. An excessive amount of defects may lead to the rejection of lot. The sheets shall be reasonably flat and edges cleanly sheared and squared to the specified dimensions. The CTL machine is selected according to the work order i. e. the gauge and size required. The specifications of the machines are: CTL I: MAKE : TATA DAVY LTD. , KOLKATTA MIN WIDTH : 30mm THICKNESS : 0. 4mm LENGTH : 340mm I/P COIL ID : 400/500mm COIL WEIGHT : 7. 5MT max MAX WIDTH : 685mm THICKNESS : 3. 1mm LENGTH : 3000mm I/L COIL OD : 1800mm CTL II: MIN WIDTH : 30mm THICKNESS : 2. 0mm LENGTH : 400mm I/P COIL ID : 400/500mm COIL WEIGHT : 7. 5MT max MAX WIDTH : 720mm THICKNESS : 6. 5mm LENGTH : 3500mm I/L COIL OD : 1800mm CTL III: MAKE : M/S GODREJ, MUMBAI MIN WIDTH : 70mm THICKNESS : 0. 2mm LENGTH : 450mm I/P COIL ID : 500mm COIL WEIGHT : 7. 5MT max MAX WIDTH : 720mm THICKNESS : 1. 6mm LENGTH : 4500mm I/L COIL OD : 1800mm DESPATCH Sheets and strips shall be supplied in coils or bundles of cut length or in packages each weighing not more than three tones as may be agreed the purchaser and the supplier. Sheets and strips shall be packed in water proof paper or polythene lined Hessian and securely tied around with hoop iron. A number of coils may be bundled with wooden patterns in between or may be packed in wooden boxes. Strips may also be packed with separate thin metallic sheets wrapped around and with bands of hoop iron. ———————– PICKLING HR SLITTING INSPECTION RAW MATERIAL ROLLING ANNEALING SKIN PASS MATERIAL TESTING CR SLITTING CUT TO LENGTH PACKING DESPATCH How to cite Paper on Cold-Rolling of Steels in Pil, Papers

Laundry Management Based on RFID-.com

Question: Using an Internet search explore an internet of thing project currently underway or already in place provide a detail account of the issue it respond to and outline its key features. Answer: Introduction The IoT that is described in this assessment is about Radio Frequency Identification Technology (Gan, Aw Sheng, 2016). RFID are used to track items and identify the items. In this modern world that includes technology to a great extend, RFID is an excellent technology for identification. The features of RFID are they are very fast in identifying many numbers of tags at a time and are has a capability of wireless reading from several meters. The latest IoT technology among all is the Identification with Radio Frequency technology (Gubbi et al., 2013). If an object is shown digitally, it is much easier to control the object from distant places with higher capability. A broad area of Automatic Identification System (Auto-ID) is the RFID system. The project that is chosen to explain RFID system in this assessment is laundry management. The RFID technology helps to improve the efficiency and effectiveness in managing the laundry and also simplify the operations (Patton et al., 2014). Tracking and maintaining a laundry manually is very difficult. To obtain a detail record of all the things, it requires a demanding labour to count record and separate the data and inserting them manually in the computer. Experienced laundry management is needed for productive laundry management and profitable cost. An Auto-ID RFID technology is useful for adding data to the stock systems (Li et al., 2014). The effort and time for shipping, receiving and shipping the laundry are managed by the RFID technology automatically (Chung, 2014). This provides accountability and control in laundry circulation process. In RFID, the status, last recorded time, information of the material, conditions of washing and number of washing cycles that are left are recorded in the system (Liao Hsiao, 2014). The basic components that are necessary in this practical application are tags and readers, the software of RFID technology, and all the design that is accumulately needed. Solution with features For overcoming process of laundry management RFID modular system is used. The processes that are used in managing the laundry are- Expedition from the laundry- Clothes are packed and selected accordingly ready to send to the destination and delivery is prepared. Move the clean items to the destination- Delivery of the items are done to the destination from where they were bought. Expedition in the destination- Expedition of clothes is done in the destination. Users- The clean clothes are kept in the proper place and the numbers of newly added clothes are recorded. Collection service- In collection service, the dirty clothes is again collected in the centralized point and after all the collections are completed, they are accumulately taken to the laundry again. Move the items back to laundry- The dirty items are collected and move to the laundry for washing, drying and ironing. Receiving of items- The items are collected and recorded the number of items that are to be cleaned and washed. Washing, drying and ironing- The items are finally washed, cleaned and ironed with proper care. If repair is needed then the repairmen is done Diagram depicting the methods of Laundry Management Fig: Process of Laundry Management Use Case Initialization of Laundry Management Fig: Use Case of Laundry Management Working Process The main goal of the project is to realize the SW module that is complex in acquiring the data from readers, providing data for evaluation, filtering, unifying or storing the data in the database by the use of a database server (Moatari-Kazerouni et al., 2017). For unifying and filtering purposes, IoT middleware controls process of reading to all the advance raw data and connected readers collected from an antenna that consists of information regarding the tags only in communication area of antenna and some of the readers also adds RSSI information to that. Data that are collected are processed, filtered, and analyzed for certaining direction of that passage (Chen, 2014). The information is shipped to a higher system in single report iteration. The lowest level of SW module is thecommunication layer that gives a different protocol of communication according to demanded protocols by different readers and from distinct manufacturers. Other rules of communication are added by the develo pers and this layer of communication is made universal. Mainly two protocols are implemented. First is the standardized Low Level Reader Protocol (LLRP) and then is the proprietary protocol that is defined for a particular manufacturer (Besore Beyerle, 2014). The LLRP supports a larger part of high standard RFID readers. This LLRP protocol gives a control to the air protocol and also arranges the control of the air protocol of RFID operating timing. Data are processed in LLRP from a single tag of RFID in EPC (Electronic Product Code) form and building of reader. Advantages and disadvantages of RFID based IoT The advantage of using the RFID technology is the way to use LLRP reader along with different manufactures and creates a tenderized interface (Rayes Salam, 2017). There are many disadvantages as well. The advantages are as follows- Detection of tag does not require human intervention. RFID tags have longer reading range. Adverse conditions cannot change the sensitivity of tag. The disadvantages are as follows- RFID systems are more expensive. RFID are difficult to understand. Tags that are used in RFID are much longer than the barcode labels. Conclusion This assessment sheds a light on the importance of IoT in this modern era. Based on IoT, details of RFID technology is described briefly. The RFID technology used in the project describes a laundry management. This paper illustrates the use of RFID technology to improve and simplify the operations if the laundry management. RFID reader is a wireless technology which makes the technology so much useful. RFID also lessens the cost of software. References Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Patton, M., Gross, E., Chinn, R., Forbis, S., Walker, L., Chen, H. (2014, September). Uninvited connections: a study of vulnerable devices on the internet of things (IoT). InIntelligence and Security Informatics Conference (JISIC), 2014 IEEE Joint(pp. 232-235). IEEE. Li, Y., Nakasone, T., Ohta, K., Sakiyama, K. (2014, January). Privacy-mode switching: Toward flexible privacy protection for RFID tags in Internet of Things. InConsumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), 2014 IEEE 11th(pp. 519-520). IEEE. Liao, Y. P., Hsiao, C. M. (2014). A secure ECC-based RFID authentication scheme integrated with ID-verifier transfer protocol.Ad Hoc Networks,18, 133-146. Chung, S. B. (2014). Clothing Management System Using the Smart Hanger Embedded RFID.Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers,51(8), 185-194. Gan, O. P., Aw, L. L., Sheng, H. (2016, November). Reliable RFID bulk reading using adaptive time and power control. InRegion 10 Conference (TENCON), 2016 IEEE(pp. 130-134). IEEE. Besore, J. K., Beyerle, M. T. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,730,018. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Rayes, A., Salam, S. (2017). The Things in IoT: Sensors and Actuators. InInternet of Things From Hype to Reality(pp. 57-77). Springer International Publishing. Moatari-Kazerouni, A., Moatari-Kazerouni, A., Bendavid, Y., Bendavid, Y. (2017). Improving logistics processes of surgical instruments: case of RFID technology.Business Process Management Journal,23(2), 448-466. Chen, C. C. (2014). RFID-based intelligent shopping environment: a comprehensive evaluation framework with neural computing approach.Neural Computing and Applications,25(7-8), 1685-1697.

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ap liy Essay ap liy Essay The title of Kate Chopin’s novel is significant because it refers to many ways in which Edna begins to awaken herself and the world around her. The Awakening shows a title that can only be completely understood after the incorporation of the themes in the content. The title, The Awakening, shows a vague picture in the mind. At first the reader does not fully portray what content the novel will possess. After reading of the novel, one can really understand that the title represents the main character, Edna Pontellier's, sexual awakening and resurrection that takes place in the plot as opposed to not having a clue on what the plot will be about. Edna Pontellier first shows a form of awakening when she encounters another character that plays a musical instrument. As the musician plays, the crowd for the most part disregards it as just another performance. However there is the exception of Mrs. Pontellier who breaks out into tears due to the vivid imagery that the music brings into her mind. The musician responds to Mrs. Pontellier by telling her that she is the only one who truly speaks her language. This form of awakening brings one of the themes out in the book showing that as a person learns to begin to express themselves, they find that there is a lesser concentration of people who can understand. This becomes of greater as Edna begins to express herself through the use of her artwork. The sexual aspect of Edna's awakening is formed through her relationship with a supporting character, Robert LeBrun. In the beginning of the novel, Robert assigns himself to become the helper of Mrs. Pontellier and his advances help to break down the wall in which Edna is placed in because of her role as a woman of the