Nathaniel Hawthornes The Artist of the Beautiful Essay -- Hawthorne A

Nathaniel Hawthornes The Artist of the Beautiful He had caught a far other solicit than this. When the artist rose high enough to achieve the beautiful, the symbol by which he made it perceptible to mortal senses became of little value in his look while his spirit possessed itself in the enjoyment of the reality.-Hawthorne, The Artist of the Beautiful. In The Artist of the Beautiful by Nathaniel Hawthorne, creative process is represented as the practice of creating an animated mechanism in the shape of a butterfly and imbuing it with the spirit of Owen Warland the pursuer of beauty. Owen is confronted with the skepticisms of Robert Danforth, a blacksmith, and scape Hovenden, a retired watch maker. Both Robert and Peter describe Owens effort to create beauty as a futile struggle while he could be making watches that are useful and profitable. Owens fill in toward Annie Hovenden, daughter of Peter Hovenden, puts Owen in a very difficult position of loving the daughter of h is enemy. After witnessing two incidents of devastation of his project, receiving the despairing news of Annies spousal to Robert, and long days and night of toil, Owen finally presents his product of a small machine as a belated-bridal gift to Annie. The story suggests that art is a individualized pursuit of the artists ideal that takes his or her imagination and intellect beyond the real world to see beauty. The artist strives to produce a materialized representation of his or her stack of beauty. This act of creativity involves effort, toil, inspiration, failure, and is accompanied by the scorn and criticism of others who do not understand, as Arthur Koestler puts, the bisociative connection the artist makes in his inspirati... ...est of the society. Owen presents his final product, an animated butterfly, as a belated bridal gift to Annie. The butterfly that Owen made is so lively that Annie, Robert, and Peter question whether it is alive. To this question, Owen re sponds that his work has absorbed his own being into itself and it is a representation of his intellect, the imagination, the sensibility, and the soul of an Artist of the Beautiful (350). The butterfly well might be a representation of the spirit of an artist as its beauty and light diminishes in an atmosphere of doubt and mockery (352). Although the cost of his toil and thought was only to be shattered again by a stroke of a baby, the destruction of his masterpiece did not disappoint him for he rose high enough to achieve the beautiful... and his spirit possessed itself in the enjoyment of the reality (354).

The Organisational Structure, Culture and Management Style of Sainsbury

The Organisational Structure, Culture and Management Style of SainsburyA1.How the organisational structure, culture and management styleinter-relates in the business and evaluate their impact and that ofICT on the murder of the business.The organisational structure in which Sainsburys uses is howSainsburys move the ranks from highest to lowest. For Sainsburys tonot have levels of different hierarchy then it would not give anybodya rank, which would charter the aims of Sainsburys not do well in termsof not having someone to be a manager and manage all the staff and make decisions. Without the chain of command workers would be lost andwould not know what to do. The way in which the hierarchal structureworks for Sainsburys is that they have one theatre director who looks afterall of the operational staff by making the decisions of what theyshould do and guiding them with any queries or problems.The hierarchal structure in which Sainsburys has in so far not been putdown in terms of n ot working as they are very good in their selling ofproducts and fails not to expunge by being one of the most popularproduct chains in the UK as well as making a lot of value on thereway to success. The management style in which Sainsburys uses isautocratic where as explained before that there is only one manager onthe store floor who watches over the other operational staff who aremaking orders from customers and serving the customers at the tills,also f...

Mass Media :: Violence Technology Papers

Mass Media Part I The Problem.In the aftermath of the Columbine groom shootings, parents were eager to find some unity or something to take the blame for the tragedy. We as Americans are a culture that has to be able to control the outcome of our insouciant lives. When something happens that catches us off guard, we get frightened and jump to conclusions. With no closure in sight from the columbine shootings, parents across the country wanted answers. Instead of evaluating their confess parenting, people began to say that video games, movie and television were the problem. The approximation was that by eliminating the violence on TV and that will stop kids from being violent. The news media, fearing for its ratings took this idea and ran with it doing in depth stories and all types of special reports. The goal of this newsletter is not to place blame on anyone, but to bring to the realization that the only focal point to help our youth is to not blame outside factors for behavior but approach the problem directly, in the home, face to face with the child. Columbine The tragedyOn a sunny spring day in April 1999, a suburban high school in Jefferson County, Colorado, found itself under attack by cardinal of its own. In less than fifteen minutes of the first-lunch period on that Tuesday, two student gunmen killed 13 and wounded 21 before they turned the guns on themselves in the most devastating school shooting in U.S. history. Columbine High School is one of three in the unincorporated southeast portion of Jefferson County. The county itself lies on the west side of the Denver metropolitan area and is the most populated county in the state. The large unincorporated region along the countys southern plains and foothills has a population of nearly 100,000 residents - 1,945 of who attended Columbine High School.The two student gunmen were Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Their plans for attacking the school, recovered by investigators after the tragedy ha d taken place, evolved over one years time. In those plans, Klebold and Harris outlined a mission to kill as many students and faculty as possible. They would set off destructive bombs wrong the school and then shoot any survivors trying to run out. Bombs inside their cars would explode later, killing law enforcement, fire or medical personnel responding to the scene.

What to do about Music Videos? :: Essays Papers

What to do about music Videos? What did he say? Have you stop recently and really listened and watched the music of today? Music has been routined in various forms since early human history. According to the Encarta Encyclopedia, Music is the organized movement of sounds through with(predicate) a continuum of time. Music plays a role in all societies and its exists in a large number of styles, each characteristic of a geographical theatrical role or a historical era. Music has a been and is presently used in different cultures for different reasons. Music can be associated with religious establishments, dancing, theater, concerts, put down devices, and through out televisions. Overall, it has al slipway been a form of expressing oneself. Specifically, music is as unique as each person here, but should artists express themselves in ways that poorly captivate our young people? In 1981, our televisions began to introduce visual expression into our homes through music videos. It was the first advertised-supported televisions network and it was call MTV. In 1985, VH1 was launched as a second network playing a popular music format as opposed to the rock format shown on MTV. For the first time, viewing audience could see their favorite songs performed and expressed without going to a concert. This allowed our young people to see a world not as readily available before. Music videos in and of itself is not something that can be considered the absolute cause, but rather the catalysis that for some young people gives them the ideas and impressions to look or act in a certain way. Today young people are anxiously looking older and determined to grow up faster than ever before. They brace strong desires to emulate some of these performers. In a recent Newsweek magazine, an article was featured about Brittany Spears. She was cited for changing her image in recent concerts and videos to appear more than more seductive. As a 17 year old performer, her outfits consist about skin-tight, sexy attire worn during provocative dance sequences. Through the artists use of videos, young people have been encouraged to walk the walk. As a parent of young children, I am very concerned of the influence music and its artists might have on them. Hopefully, as adults we will try to continue to monitor this situation. A rap singer, Todd Smith, also known as LL self-possessed J is a father of four living in Westchester County, New York.

Its Time to Lower the Teacher to Student Ratio Essay -- Argumentative

Its Time to Lower the T individu entirelyyer to Student Ratio Growing up is hard enough to do in this day and age, further even more so when a small childs education is sacrificed. Todays classrooms, kindergarten through college levels, are experiencing a significant rise in the number of students in each class. This brings the teacher-to-student ratio to an unacceptable level. Teachers cannot effectively teach their students if there are too many in a single class. Therefore, it is extremely important for the United States educational system to take an in-depth investigation into this situation and work towards a better way for our children to learn in a more focused environment. For our childrens sake and for our future, we all must assist in finding a way to lower the teacher-to-student ratio. The long and short-term benefits of reducing class size affect the students and the teachers and will come about into the future. By reducing a class to an average of eighte en students, teachers are able to spend more one-on-one time with each student. In fact, in a study done in the United Kingdom proved that, Outcomes showed that in smaller classes the teachers interacted more effectively with the entire class, had more sustained interactions (25 seconds or more) with individual students, and required less time to manage individual students routines (Hargreaves, et al 123). Interactions, such as these, are especially important to those children in kindergarten through the tierce grade. With focuses on reading, writing, and math on children in this early stage of their education, research is showing that these children will carry the effects of a small class with them throughout the remainder of their academic... ...ize on Teacher-Pupil Interaction in Elementary School Classes in England Does Research Merely Confirm the Obvious? Paper prepared for the American educational Research Association Annual Conference, Chicago, March 1997. ED 40 9 123. Molnar, Alex., et al. 1997-98 Results of the Student Achievement Guarantee in Education (SAGE) Program. December 1998. Milwaukee, WI University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Shields, Patrick M., et al. Teaching and Californias Future. The Status of the Teaching art Research Findings and Policy Recommendations. A Report to the Teaching and Californias Future Task Force. Santa Cruz, California The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning, 1999. 158 pages. U.S. Department of Education. Reducing Class size of it What Do We Know? Washington, DC Author, 1998. 17 pages. http//www.ed.gov/pubs/ReducingClass/.

Its Time to Lower the Teacher to Student Ratio Essay -- Argumentative

Its Time to Lower the Teacher to Student Ratio Growing up is hard enough to do in this day and age, but even more(prenominal) so when a small childs education is sacrificed. Todays classrooms, kindergarten through college levels, are experiencing a significant rise in the number of students in each class. This brings the teacher-to-student ratio to an unacceptable level. Teachers cannot effectively teach their students if there are too many in a single class. Therefore, it is passing important for the United States educational system to take an in-depth investigation into this situation and work towards a better way for our children to learn in a more focused environment. For our childrens sake and for our future, we all must assist in finding a way to lower the teacher-to-student ratio. The long and short-term benefits of reducing class surface affect the students and the teachers and will continue into the future. By reducing a class to an average of eighteen stu dents, teachers are able to spend more one-on-one sentence with each student. In fact, in a study done in the United Kingdom proved that, Outcomes showed that in smaller classes the teachers interacted more effectively with the good class, had more sustained interactions (25 seconds or more) with individual students, and required less time to manage individual students routines (Hargreaves, et al 123). Interactions, such as these, are especially important to those children in kindergarten through the third grade. With focuses on reading, writing, and math on children in this early stage of their education, research is showing that these children will carry the effects of a small class with them throughout the remainder of their academic... ...ize on Teacher-Pupil Interaction in Elementary School Classes in England Does Research Merely Confirm the Obvious? report prepared for the American Educational Research Association Annual Conference, Chicago, March 1997. ED 409 123. Molnar, Alex., et al. 1997-98 Results of the Student Achievement Guarantee in Education (SAGE) Program. December 1998. Milwaukee, WI University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Shields, Patrick M., et al. dogma and Californias Future. The Status of the Teaching Profession Research Findings and Policy Recommendations. A Report to the Teaching and Californias Future Task Force. Santa Cruz, California The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning, 1999. 158 pages. U.S. incision of Education. Reducing Class Size What Do We Know? Washington, DC Author, 1998. 17 pages. http//www.ed.gov/pubs/ReducingClass/.

Evaluate The Ways in Which Emotion Might Enhance and/or Undermine Reasoning as a Way of Knowing Essay

To start this essay I bequeath define the most important words as I visualize them therefore feeling and reasoning will be defined and second I will explain the question. sensation is what we feel as a reaction towards a psyche or situation for theoretical account anger, love, and fear. Reasoning is logic, how we argument something, the way we make decisions or how we think and therefore it is how we react to situations. This question is inquire us to explain how emotion can make it easier or harder to reason appropriately so it becomes a better or worse way of knowing.Emotion has a very big influence on most peoples way of reasoning sometimes it makes this reasoning more reliable and in other cases emotion makes it less reliable. In the following essay the question will be answered from both sites.Emotion might enhance and/or countermine reasoning in several ways for example when you are happy you reason in a positive way but if you are sad or in a bad mood you reasoning is more negative. For example a man that had been promoted in his job he has a auto accident and his car is in a very bad state, he counterbalancely will think about that his insurance will pay for the damage. In the other site if a man has been fired from his job and he has a car accident under the same conditions as that other man, the first thing he will think about is his bad luck and what he will do without his car and the last thing he will think about is about his insurance.Emotion might enhance reasoning as a way of knowing because it may encourage you to reason for example if someone actually likes chemistry and enjoys the class, if the teacher asks a question so this person will reason faster to answer the question than a person that took the class only because the physics teacher didnt accept him in the class. As well when a scientist is enthusiastic about doing an investigation because he loves the vitrine then he will do the experiment as accurate as he can but if he just does it because it is his job then he will do the experiment as fast as he can just to finish it.Emotion might also sabotage reasoning because when emotions are involved people may do things wrongly without thinking about them correctly or without using any logic. A known quote says love makes blind this means that love (an emotion) takes people to an unreal world and making their reasoning capacity limited. For example if a boy walks into a party and sees his girlfriend kissing his best friend and then she tells him that his best friend kissed her and she couldnt push him away. Lets say that the boy really loves his girlfriend then he will believe her even if the story is very unreal. This proves that emotion can make people reasoning unreliable and wrong.In my personal opinion I believe that emotion undermine reasoning as a way of knowing because it makes peoples logic limited and uncertain so the reasoning of this person is unreliable. Also emotions are not always encourag ing for example lets say a woman that works organizing parties lost her dog so she is depressed then she is not able to do her job because she can not think about anything apart from her lost dog. This proves that emotion is not very useful when it comes to reason.

Mc Donald Case Analysis Essay

McDonaldis one of the leading fast food chain operating in more than 120 countries (Exhibit 4) with more than 30000 eating betokens. McDonald opened its set-back restaurant in 1955 in Illinois and started to grow rapidly serving around 47 million customers daily with more than 1. 5 million employees. As far as Indian markets is concerned it was a distant dream for any western fast food chains to enter India and serve Indian customers, the reason being discrete dietary habits and food preferences of Indian consumers.After 1990 when government of India came up with economic reforms that liberalized policies of foreign investments, established western fast food chains like KFC and pizza HUT rushed to the Indian market precisely McDonald spent about six years analysing the market before entering India. During the epitome phase McDonald first categorized its various Opportunities, threats, strengths & weaknesses in Indian market.The analytic thinking came up with the results like enlarge in the buy function of individuals, their dietary habits like opstance to pork and beef and more inclination towards vegetarian foods, increase in urbanization and socio cultural habits. Depending on the results from the analysis McDonald came up with effective market mix (4Ps) that helped them to utilise the opportunities and olibanum eliminating the threats.The major highlight of the strategies adopted by McDonald was Indianizing the menu and thus eliminating beef and pork completely, wide variety of products with different prices, confining itself to urban cities and building potent brand equity through various CSR events. This case analysis basically gives the overview of different strategies adopted by McDonald to establish themselves in Indian market. STRUCTURE OF THE typesetters case ANALYSIS (1) Market Analysis External Environmental Internal Environmental Analysis Analysis(Strengths & weaknesses) Micro Analysis Macro Analysis (Opportunities and Threats(PESTLE A nalysis) for a parvenue entrant in Indian Political food industry ) Economical Socio-cultural (2) Market part, Targeting and berth (3) Market Strategies (4Ps) (4) Outcomes MARKET ANALYSIS Market analysis do by McDonalds during 1990s included various aspects of Indian market and consumer. Looking at the data we can classify the analysis into external analysis and internal analysis. (1) EXTERNAL ANALYSISFurther divided into macro analysis and micro analysis. (a) MACRO ANALYSIS Macro analysis takes Political, Economical, Socio-cultural, Technical, Legal and Environmental issues in consideration, but as per given case study, we are taking only 3 issues Political, Economical and Socio-cultural. Political Liberalisation of policies Liberalisation of policies paved path for MNCs to India. Change in polices regarding in-flow of foreign capital and technology government fixed exchange-rate eased up the process for MNCs. Economical Growth in gross domestic productThe GDP growth until 1990 s was around 3% but after liberalisation the growth rate was around 6 to 7%, which shows increase in purchasing power of the individual. Socio-cultural Acceptance of western culture There was a significant change in the thinking of people towards western companies and western culture . The increase in use of internet is an example of this. Eat-out tradition began to grow very fast with increase in working parent families. McDonalds internal analysis can be braked-down into strength, weakness, opportunities and threats.(b) MICRO ANALYSIS Opportunities Increase in urban population from 21. 3% to 28. 1% (exhibit 2) because of employment, education. Increase in eat-out culture and purchasing power of individual. 53% (Exhibit 7) of a house hold income is spent on food and beverages. Threats India has been a country of different cultures (5000 ethnic groups) each with its own food habits and cuisine. nonetheless though the food preferences of Indians show that 80% are non-vegetarians o nly 17% of them were pork and beef eaters (Exhibit 11).McDonald has a image of pork and beef serving restaurant which is a threat for it in India. (2) INTERNAL ANALYSIS (ANALYSIS OF THE COMPANY) Strength One of the strengths of McDonalds is its vast knowledge and expertness in various countries which helped it gain expertise in making a strong and efficient append chain. This will once again help it in building a efficient supply chain in India. It also has established and good brand equity around the world. Weakness Opposition in people for MNCs was decreasing but yet prevailing.There was a need for McDonalds to rebrand itself in Indian consumers. In order to develop an effective marketing strategy it was very principal(prenominal) for McDonald to understand its target customers. It was necessary for them to first understand Indian market and its consumers to communicate itself to consumer market. Basically McDonalds segmented their product and services harmonise to base of Dem ographic, Psychographic and behavioural attributes. McDonald did the thorough research for six years and was able to do well because of keen understanding of the Indian economy.MARKET SEGMENTATION & TARGETING Market segmentation is dividing of integrity market into smaller segments. Segmentation makes it simpler to address the needs of smaller groups of consumer. Three different bases of segmentation done by McDonald in India 1. Demographic Segmentation McDonalds uses demographic segmentation strategy with age as the parameter. The main target segments are children, youth and the young urban family. It offers different products like happy meal which includes a free toy for kids.For families it has made different outlets and meals which are suitable for takeaways and drive-thru. It has also created a suitable environment for youngster to hang out with their friends and get their lunch. 2. Psychographic Segmentation McDonalds adopted themselves to the lifestyle of the Indian consumer s. India has huge vegetarian population so McDonalds came up with an entirely different product for Indian customers like Mc veggie burger and McAalootikki burger. As it is not considered religiously incorrect to eat beef in India, the menu has no beef dishes.They also made McDonald a fun place where young urban families can spend some quality time, while their children can enjoy every moment of McDonalds. 3. Behavioral Segmentation McDonald targeted mostly make like Birthdays and started attracted many families to celebrate their kids birthday. They made many advertisement effort aimed directly at kids and younger generation to promote birthday parties at McDonald. As most young people in the cities like Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore live in small overcrowded flats McDonalds has become a convenient place for birthday celebration. POSITIONINGPositioning is an effort to influence consumer perception of a brand or product relative to the perception of competing brands or products. Its objective is to occupy a clear, unique, and advantageous position in the consumers mind. In India positioning of McDonalds has been directed as a Family restaurant. Then they started positioning according to the kids as well by introducing new advertizement of toys with their products such as Happy Meal. Now youngster and adults havebecome so use to fast foods that McDonalds has also started to target them and try to position itself as a place for all.This may be also due to the fact that India has second largest population in the world and they adopted this approach and tried to position themselves according to this approach to increase sales and tax. McDonalds therefore wanted to position itself as Indian and a promoter of family values and culture, as well as being comfortable and easy. Simultaneously, the brand wanted to communicate that it was committed to maintaining a quality service, cleanliness and offering value for money. MARKETING MIX (4Ps) Market Strategies Opted By Mc Donald in IndiaComing on to Strategies, McDonald strictly followed the concept of 4Ps for extending their share in Indian fast food market. Looking upon all the aspects of 4Ps in details, undermentioned was the approach made by them to enter the market and successfully lead it since then. Product Taking the food habits of Indians into consideration, Mc Donald Indianised 70% of their menu, which really helped them to successfully taking into custody Indian population. Also keeping in mind the un-acceptance of beef and pork in India , they replaced it with mutton-based Maharaja Mac. The French fries served in India also did not convey beef tallow covering.They excluded egg from ice-creams and mayonnaise served and also introduced Indian flavoured ice-creams. Pricing Mc Donald came up with wide range of products in terms of pricing for serving two the lower-middle and high socio-class of society. (Products ranging from Rs. 7 to Rs. 128) They charged Rs. 74 less than what they ch arged in US in almost every product. Their menu was 80% visual and 20% descriptive. They used to attract customer initially by low prices, then increased their prices by simply giving another name to the product, for example- McAlootikki changed to Veg.Surprise. Place Mc Donald opened its first outlet in two of the most western culture exposed cities i. e. Delhi and Mumbai, then they targeted the national highways connecting these cities by collaborating with Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. As a part of Quick Service Restaurant (QSR) mountaininess, McDonalds opened its outlets only within 500-Km radius of its main distribution centres. After that, they tapped into business of shopping mall, multiplexes, railways and bus stations. Promotion They promoted their restaurant as Third place between work and home.They also introduced Music Meal in association with Coca-Cola India and Universal Music India. They famed Childrens Day week, organised Pulse Polio and camps. Fun zones and Le go toys for children Looking upon the belief of Indians in Karma Mc Donald introduced Itch Karo Rich Bano, where the consumers were given lucky coupons complementary with their meal which they scratched to get gifts. This was a part of their promotional strategy which really worked well in India. Outcome It is reasonable to say that MCDonalds has achieved a fair success in India.McDonalds with its strategies was able to increase its sales volume, which in turn got down the break even to five to seven years which is much favourable when compared with 12-13 years that it takes in foreign countries. It is also stated that McDonalds achieved a decent success as it showed a 50% annual revenue growth since 1997. A survey by Synovate showed that 20% of young Indians between ages of 8 to 24 reported their preference for McDonalds products, followed by Pizza chanty (11%) and then KFC(2%). Even after all these achievements it cannot be concluded that McDonalds succeeded in India. McDonalds growth in India remains uncertain.

The Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal The Taj is the King Emperor amongst the World Wonders. The Taj is the final achievement and acme of the Mughal Art. It represents the most refined aesthetic determine. It is a fantasy- like grandeur. It is the perfect culmination and artistic interplay of the architects skill the jewellers inspiration. The marble in-lay w every last(predicate)s of the Taj ar amongst the most outstanding examples of decorative workmanship. The elegant symmetry of its exterior and the aerial grace of its domes and minarets coin the beholder in a manner never to be forgotten.It stands out as one of the most priceless national monuments, of surpassing beauty and worth, a glorious tribute to mans achievement in Architecture and engine room. The Taj is threatened with deterioration and damage not only by the traditional causes of declension, but also by changing social and economic conditions which aggravate the situation with even more formidable phenomena of damage or destruction. A priv ate sector preservation transcription c wholeed World Monuments Fund (Ameri send word Express Company) has published a list of 100 most endangered sites (1996) in the World.The environment of Agra is today beset with problems relating to the inadequacy of its urban infrastructure for transportation, water and electricity. Residential fuel combustion, diesel trains and buses, and back-up generators cause the densest befoulment near the Taj Mahal. Constitution of the proposed Agra Ring Road and Bypass that would divert the estimated daily 6,50,000 stacks of trans-India truck relations financing.Strict controls on industrial pollution established in 1982 are being intensively enforced following a 1993 autocratic Court Order. The Asian Development Banks proposed $300 million loan to the Indian Government to finance infrastructure improvements would provide the opportunity to solve the chronic problems. Agra regresss triplet World Heritage Sites, including the Taj Mahal. Accordin g to the petitioner, the foundries, chemical/hazardous industries and the refinery at Mathura are the major sources of damages to the Taj.The Sulphur Dioxide emitted by the Mathura Refinery and the industries when combined with Oxygen with the aid of moisture in the zephyr forms sulphuric acid called Acid rain which has a corroding effect on the gleaming white marble. Industrial/Refinery emissions, brick-kilns, vehicular traffic and generator-sets are primarily responsible for polluting the ambient get off around Taj Trapezium (TTZ). The petition states that the white marble has yellowed and bleakened in places. It is inside the Taj that the decay is more apparent.Yellow pallor pervades the entire monument. In places ugly brown and black spots magnify the yellow hue. Fungal deterioration is worst in the inner chamber where the scheduleal graves of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal lie. According to the petitioner the Taj a monument of international repute is no its way to degrad ation due to atmosphere pollution and it is imperative that preventive travel are taken and soon. The petitioner has finally sought appropriate directions to the authorities concerned to take immediate steps to stop air pollution in the TTZ and save the Taj.The court considered the affidavit filed by the board and directed the board to issue a public notice. consistent to the courts order, the board filed affidavit (5. 8. 93), wherein it stated that public notice was published in two national newspapers calling upon the industries to file their replies during the extended time. The affidavit also states that all listed industries were polluting industries and 507 out of them had not even installed any air pollution control device.The 212industries that did not respond to the notice and failed to take any steps towards installing the pollution control devices were closed by order-dated 27. 8. 93. The court was assisted in its efforts to improve air quality in the TTZ by the reports prepared by the NEERI ( matter Environment Engineering Research Institute), Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) on the supply of fuel gas to industries in the area and the study conducted by the Vardharajan Committee, which was constituted in may 1994, by the MoEF.Varadharajan Committee made, among others, the following recommendations Steps may be taken to ensure that no new manufacture including small industries or other units which can cause pollution are located north-west of the Taj Mahal. Efforts may be made to relocate the existing small industries particularly the foundries, in an area southeast of Agra beyond the Taj Mahal so that emissions from these industries will not be in the direction of the monuments. Similar considerations may apply to large industries such as Fertilizer and Petrochemicals. such industries, which are likely to cause environmental pollution, may not be located in the neighbourhood of the refinery. The Committee further recommends that no large effort in the Agra region and its neighbourhood be established without conducting appropriate detailed studies to assess the environmental effect of such industries on the monuments. Location should be so chosen as to exclude any increase in environmental pollution in the area. The Committee wishes to record its deep concern regarding the existing train of pollution in Agra.It recommends that an appropriate authority be created which could monitor emissions by industries as well as air quality at Agra on a continuous basis. This authority should be vested with powers to direct industries causing pollution to limit the level of emission and specify such measures as are necessary to bring low the emissions whenever the pollutant level at the monuments exceeds acceptable limits. The Committee particularly desires that recommendations made in regard to reduction of existing pollution levels at Agra should be covered to a time-bound programme and should be implemented with utmost spe ed.The Committee also recommends that studies should be undertaken by competent agencies to explore the possibility of protecting the monuments by measures such as provision of a green belt around Agra in the region between Mathura and Agra. Even though assurances have been obtained from IOC that adequate precautions would be taken to contain the pollution on account of using coal in the power plant, the Committee is of the opinion that till such time this problem is studies in abstruseness and suitable technologies have been found to be satisfactorily in use elsewhere the use of coal in the refinery power plant should be deferred. The National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) gave an Overview Report regarding status of air pollution around the Taj in 1990. The sources of pollution, including small and medium-scale industrial units, are scattered all around Taj Mahal. High air pollution load is thus pumped into the Taj air shed. Sudden rises in concentration level are often enter in all directions in gaseous as well as particulate pollutant depending upon the local micro climatic conditions.On four occasions during the five-year air quality monitoring, the 4 hrly average values of SO2 at Taj Mahal were observed to be higher than 300 ug/m3, i. e. 10 folds of the promulgated CPCB standard of 30 ug/m3 for sensible areas. The values exceeded even the standard of 120-ug/m3 set for industrial zones. Statistical analysis of the recorded data hint that 40% (cumulative percentage level) has crossed the standard set for sensitive receptors/zones.The SPM levels at Taj Mahal were invariably high (more than 200 ug/m3) and exceeded the national ambient air quality standard of 100 ug/m3 for SPM for sensitive locations barring a few historic period in monsoon months. Another study during 1985-87 brought to fore that the overall status of the ambient air quality within the trapezium has significantly deteriorated over this period. The Taj Mahal marble s amples analyse by NEERI in 1993 reveal that the black soot on certain protected surfaces contains 0. 6% Calcium and traces of Sulphate.X-ray diffraction studies indicated that soot and quartz (Silicon Dioxide) and the major constituents of the black coating at Taj Mahal (Lal and Holden, ES & T, April 1981). The origin of soot can be traced back to the fuel consumption around the sensitive receptor, while quartz is derived from geocrustal origin and causes surface abrasion. Soot in itself is not chemically destructive, but with tar it acts as a soiling agent. Absorption of the acidic gases is enhanced due to the aim of soot/smoky matter resulting in long-term effects.Further, the presence of soot reduces the aesthetic value of the monument. Ambient air around Taj Mahal is polluted primarily from breaker point/line sources and has adverse impacts on building material by alteration of marble and sandstone structures at microcrystalline level. The earlier studies have revealed that t he concentrations of gaseous pollutants and SPM (predominantly soot and one C particles) are relatively high during winter months due to the frequent inversion conditions restricting vertical dispersion.During monsoon seasons, suspended particles are washed away and this cycle of pollutant builds up and subsequent removal continues exposing fresh surface of the monument to the pollutant. The period industrial development of Agra-Mathura region has resulted in acidic emissions into the atmosphere at an alarming rate. This causes dangerous concern on the well being of Taj Mahal. The gaseous pollutants being acidic in nature, significantly both the as well as the biotic components of the ecosystem like plants and building material like marble and red stone.The sources of pollution in Agra region as per the report of the Central Pollution Control Board are iron foundries, Ferro-alloyed industries, rubber processing, lime processing, engineering, chemical industry, brick refractory an d vehicles, Mathura Refinery and Ferozabad Glass Industry. On 3 August 1995, the court formed a tentative view that polluting industries in the TTZ would have to be relocated and sought the assistance of the Union Government to device an appropriate solution. Taj, being a cultural heritage is an industry by itself.More than two million tourists visit Taj every year and this is a good source of revenue for the country. The court had monitored this petition for over three years with the objective of preventing and protecting the Taj from deterioration and damage due to atmosphere and environmental pollution. It cannot be disputed that the use of coal/coke by the industries emits pollution in the ambient air. The objective behind this litigation is to stop pollution while encouraging development of the industries. The old concept that development and ecology cannot go generate in hand is no longer acceptable.The development of the industries is essential but not at the make up of th e environment. Orders passed by the court time to time indicate that the relocation of the industries from TTZ is to be resorted to only if the Natural Gas, which has been brought at the doorstep of TTZ is not acceptable/ available by/to the industries as a substitute for coal/coke. The GAIL has already invited the industries in the TTZ to apply for gas connections and industries operating in TTZ with the gas connections need not relocate.The atmospheric pollution in the TTZ has to be eliminated at any cost as its not just the preservation of monument, which is essential, but also the human life. In August 1999, the Supreme Court struck again, ordering the closure of 53 iron foundries and 107 other factories in Agra that had not cleaned up their act. The order has become a call to arms for foundry owners, workers, trade union representatives and small-scale industry. However, industry is buying time it filed a review petition through the Uttar Pradesh State government and obtained a reprieve on the court orders implementation.The matter comes again to begin with the Supreme Court this summer. In the meantime, Agras Iron Founders Association is building up their case. They argue that 3,000 cottage and engineering units depend on the foundries, and that they directly or indirectly employ about 300,000 workers. They hold that the technology for using natural gas in their industries is not yet ready. Taj trapezium projects phase II gets green augury Buoyed by a decline in the pollution levels around the Taj trapezium with the victoryful implementation of the first phase of the afforestation project, the state administration has okayed the Rs 15. 0-crore second phase. The success of the plantation scheme assumes significance since a report prepared by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, had pointed out how pollution inventory of Agra reflected high concentration of NO2, SO2 and CO2. Apart from a vigorous re-run of the planta tion campaign in the Taj city, this phase envisages greening of sensitive receptors of pollution like the heritage monuments and the 42-hectare land strip along the NH-2 (Delhi-Agra-Kanpur), NH-3 (Delhi-Agra-Mumbai) and NH-11 (Jaipur-Agra) highways. A 3

A Business Information System

Gerald had never established a computer schema in his home, let alone in his office. His small business was suffering, and his three employees further Gerald to redress up a basic yet powerful information ashes that would enable him to keep track of orders, inventory, payroll data, and client account information. merchandising dried beans procured from organic farms around the United States and a recovering carnivore, Gerald had also been a techno-phobe for years. His employees had to do most of the work setting up the computer arranging, commencement from scratch.The following is a description of how Gerald set up his compeverys information system and made selling beans easier. After telling Gerald that his would unfortunately be neither an faux intelligence system nor one that used robotics, Jane, John, and Ollie purchased the fundamental pieces of hardware from a local electronics chain store. You really only need the basics of an office system including an accounting syst em, an inventory control system, payroll system, and order entry system.Robotics and artificial intelligence are unnecessary to sell beans, they said. Next, the team phoned the local cable provider and procured Cable Internet access and the requisite cable modem. All three of them were fed up with conventional dial-up Internet access. Explaining the fundamentals of the Windows XP operating system, the team showed Gerald how to dunk the application bundle preloaded on the computer, including the solitaire games, audio, video, and multimedia software.When he was familiar with using his mouse and keyboard and with the operating system basics, Gerald learned how to access the Internet and origination Wide Web using the Internet Explorer Web browser. The first activities Gerald was eager to coiffe on the Internet included online shopping and downloading online music. Before great Gerald registered for online gaming sites. However, Jane, John, and Ollie also showed Gerald how to cond uct online banking for his personal and professional accounts and also to manage his stock portfolio using online investing.Jane also showed Gerald how to set up his e-mail accounts one was set up through the Internet Service Provider (ISP), but the other was a web-based throw-away e-mail address to protect the primary address from SPAM. SPAM, Jane told Gerald, could be lessen by using the opt-out buttons on many Web page registration forms and by periodically clearing unwanted cookies from the browser. Because Jane, John, and Ollie also wanted their own computer terminals, they talked Gerald into buying a computer for each of them.They therefore had to set up a computer network using a router and hub connecting all their Ethernet cables. Knowing the voltage for hacking and the negative impact unauthorized access could have on the business, the team decided to purchase an external hardware firewall rather than rely on software versions. Additionally, to prevent hardware theft, Ger ald purchased an electronic security system for the entire office, and John bought a surge suppressor for extra protection against data damage. Additionally, John showed Gerald how to perform regular backups using the CDRW drive.The team then showed Gerald how to run his antivirus program to scan for any computer virus, computer worm, or Trojan Horse that could threaten the system or network. Ollie also acquired some free anti-spyware and anti-malware software to help the company secure information privacy and prevent against identity theft. Once all the safeguards were in place, the network was up and running. Jane, John, and Ollie worked together on system development and system design. All three would also serve together as systems analysts and perform systems maintenance.If any system failure occurred that was beyond the capabilities of Jane, John, or Ollie, they would phone a local expert. In addition to inputting data into the payroll, accounting, and inventory systems, the te am wanted to design a Web site for Gerald so that he could drum up more business. Jane was put in charge of page layout, which she gleaned from Web sites that she liked. She also created an animated GIF and a java applet for use on the home page of the web site. With his extensive knowledge of HTML and java, Ollie was in charge of coding of the site.He created a complete order entry system enabling all of Geralds customers to order beans directly from the Web site. The orders would immediately be tracked through the companys inventory processing system. John, with his selling background, preferred to be less involved in the Web site design and more involved in customer relationship management (CRM). musical composition an e-book about the different beans that Gerald sold, including kidney, pinto, and lima, John also did most of the work on creating the computer inventory system.A graphic of each bean would help customers blot between the various legumes in the e-book, which desc ribed the health benefits and history of each bean. John also encouraged Gerald to start his own blog, telling customers about in the raw bean recipes as well as about new retail market opportunities. Because they each had a wireless phone and remote access to the enterprise-wide system they had helped create, Jane, John, and Ollie talked Gerald into their telecommuting one day per week.

Which Country Would I Love to Visit?

If I had a chance to visit a foreign country, I would not hesitate to choose due south Korea. The main reason why I would choose Korea as my destination is that I want to visit Seoul and Jeju Island. Seoul, the superior of the South Korea, is one of the groundbreaking cities in the world. It is the business and cultural hub of South Korea, where skyscrapers tower over Buddhist temples. N Seoul Tower, built atop a peak in Namsan Park, allows me to see to it the entire city and surrounding areas from above.The teahouses and shops of Insadong give me a taste of Korean flavor, which I can further experience with a visit to the grounds and museums of Gyeongbokgung. UNESCO human beings Heritage Site, Changdeokgung Palace is a fine example of authentic ancient architecture which I would love to visit. In my opinion, Seoul is not just the capital of the South Korea, but a wonderful city worthy to visit. The second part of South Korea I would like to visit is Jeju Island, a hot touring car spot booming with unique attractions. Jejus romantic sunrises and sunsets, mild climate and beautiful sandy beaches totally enchanted me just with the images found on Google.I oftentimes image that I could meander along the beaches to enjoy the sunlight and breeze. I can also hike with my family to Baeknok Lake at the top of Mount Halla, South Koreas highest peak. I would also love to see the haenyeo, female divers gathering fresh seafood, and the iconic grandfather statues displayed outside of many restaurants. Most importantly, I desire to see my favourite KPOP stars by chance Of course, there are other countries I could visit if I had the opportunity to visit a foreign country. However, I think South Korea would be my first choice.

Life in Mars Essay

For centuries people induce speculated about the possibility of biography on spoil owing to the satellites proximity and sameity to Earth. Serious tryes for certainty of feeling began in the 19th century, and continue via telescopic investigations and landed commissions. While early work focus on phenomenology and b avered on fantasy, modern scientific inquiry has empha coatd the search for chemical biosignatures of life in the soil and rocks at the satellites sur pillowcase, and the search for biomarker gases in the atmosphere.Fictional Martians cause been a recurring device characteristic of popular entertainment of the 20th and 21st centuries, and it remains an open question whether life currently exists on spoil, or has existed there in the past. Early speculation damage polar ice caps were discover as early as the mid-17th century, and they were premiere proven to grow and shrink alternately, in the summer and winter of each hemisphere, by William Herschel in th e latter part of the 18th century. By the mid-19th century, astronomers k innovative that deflower had genuine other similarities to Earth, for example that the length of a day on impair was al approximately the same as a day on Earth.They also knew that its axial tilt was similar to Earths, which meant it experienced seasons just as Earth does but of nearly double the length owing to its much longer year. These observations guide to the increase in speculation that the darker albedo features were body of water, and brighter ones were land. It was therefore natural to suppose that deflower whitethorn be inhabited by some row of life. In 1854, William Whewell, a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, who popularized the word scientist, theorized that damage had seas, land and possibly life forms.Speculation about life on Mars exploded in the late 19th century, following telescopic observation by some observers of app atomic number 18nt Martian canals which were however soo n found to be optical illusions. despite this, in 1895, American astronomer Percival Lowell published his book Mars, followed by Mars and its Canals in 1906, proposing that the canals were the work of a long-gone civilization. 2 This idea led British writer H. G. well to write The War of the Worlds in 1897, telling of an invasion by aliens from Mars who were fleeing the artificial satellites desiccation.Spectroscopic analysis of Mars atmosphere began in impetuous in 1894, when U. S. astronomer William Wallace Campbell showed that neither water nor oxygen were impart in the Martian atmosphere. 3 By 1909 better telescopes and the best perihelic opposition of Mars since 1877 conclusively ordain an end to the canal theory. Missions Mariner 4 Mariner 4 canvas performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian place in 1965. The photographs showed an arid Mars without rivers, oceans, or any(prenominal) signs of life.Further, it rev ealed that the surface (at least the parts that it photographed) was covered in craters, indicating a lack of plate tectonics and weathering of any winning for the last 4 gazillion years. The probe also found that Mars has no global magnetic field that would protect the planet from capabilityly weighty cosmic rays. The probe was able to calculate the atmospheric pressure on the planet to be about 0. 6 kPa (comp ared to Earths 101. 3 kPa), heart and soul that limpid water could not exist on the planets surface. 3 After Mariner 4, the search for life on Mars changed to a search for bacteria-like living organisms rather than for multicellular organisms, as the environment was clearly too harsh for these. Viking orbiters Liquid water is necessary for known life and metabolism, so if water was present on Mars, the chances of it having supported life may have been determinant. The Viking orbiters found render of mathematical river valleys in many areas, erosion and, in the gray h emisphere, bifurcate streams. Viking experimentsThe primary mission of the Viking probes of the mid-1970s was to carry out experiments designed to detect microorganisms in Martian soil because the favorable conditions for the evolution of multicellular organisms ceased some foursome billion years ago on Mars. The tests were formulated to look for microbic life similar to that found on Earth. Of the four experiments, solitary(prenominal) the Labeled dethaw (LR) experiment returned a positive prove, showing increased 14carbonic acid gas production on first exposure of soil to water and nutrients.All scientists agree on two points from the Viking missions that radiolabeled 14CO2 was evolved in the Labeled Release experiment, and that the GC-MS detected no organic molecules. However, there are vastly different interpretations of what those results imply. The image taken by Viking probes resembling a human face caused many to speculate that it was the work of an extraterrestrial civ ilization. One of the designers of the Labeled Release experiment, Gilbert Levin, believes his results are a definitive diagnostic for life on Mars.However, this result is disputed by many scientists, who argue that superoxidant chemicals in the soil could have produced this effect without life being present. An almost ecumenical consensus discarded the Labeled Release entropy as evidence of life, because the gas chromatograph & mass spectrometer, designed to identify natural organic matter, did not detect organic molecules. The results of the Viking mission concerning life are considered by the general expert society, at best, as inconclusive.In 2007, during a Seminar of the Geo somatogenic Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution (Washington, D. C. , USA), Gilbert Levins investigation was assessed once more. Levin salvage maintains that his arisingal data were correct, as the positive and negative control experiments were in order. Moreover, Levins team, on 12 April 2012, repor ted a statistical speculation, based on old data reinterpreted mathematically by complexity analysis of the Labeled Release experiments, that may refer evidence of extant microbial life on Mars. Critics counter that the method has not yet been proven effective for differentiating between biological and non-biological processes on Earth so it is premature to draw any conclusions.Ronald Paepe, an edaphologist (soil scientist), communicated to the European Geosciences Union Congress that the discovery of the recent catching of silicate minerals on Mars may indicate pedogenesis, or soil development processes, extended over the total surface of Mars. Paepes interpretation views most of Mars surface as active soil, colored red by eons of widespread wearing by water, flora and microbial activity.A research team from the National Autonomous University of Mexico headed by Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, concluded that the equipment (TV-GC-MS) used by the Viking program to search for organic mo lecules, may not be sensitive enough to detect low levels of organics. Because of the simplicity of sample handling, TVGCMS is still considered the standard method for organic detection on future Mars missions, so Navarro-Gonzalez suggests that the design of future organic instruments for Mars should include other methods of detection.Gillevinia straata The claim for life on Mars, in the form of Gillevinia straata, is based on old data reinterpreted as sufficient evidence of life, mainly by professors Gilbert Levin, Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez and Ronalds Paepe. The evidence supporting the existence of Gillevinia straata microorganisms relies on the data collected by the two Mars Viking landers that searched for biosignatures of life, but the analytical results were, officially, inconclusive.In 2006, Mario Crocco, a neurobiologist at the Neuropsychiatric Hospital Borda in Buenos Aires, Argentina, proposed the creation of a new nomenclatural rank that classified the Viking landers result s as metabolic and therefore belonging to a form of life. Crocco proposed to create new biological ranking categories (taxa), in the new landed estate system of life, in order to be able to accommodate the genus of Martian microorganisms. Crocco proposed the following taxonomical entry* Organic life system Solaria * Biosphere Marciana Kingdom Jakobia (named later on neurobiologist Christfried Jakob) * Genus et species Gillevinia straata As a result, the hypothetical Gillevinia straata would not be a bacterium (which rather is a terrestrial taxon), but a member of the kingdom Jakobia in the biosphere Marciana of the Solaria system. The intended effect of the new nomenclature was to reverse the burden of proof concerning the life issue, but the taxonomy proposed by Crocco has not been accepted by the scientific community and is considered a single nomen nudum. Further, no Mars mission has found traces of biomolecules.Phoenix lander, 2008 The Phoenix mission landed a robotic spacecra ft in the polar domain of Mars on May 25, 2008 and it operated until November 10, 2008. One of the missions two primary objectives was to search for a habitable zone in the Martian regolith where microbial life could exist, the other main goal being to study the geological history of water on Mars. The lander has a 2. 5 meter robotic arm that was unfastened of digging shallow trenches in the regolith. There was an electrochemistry experiment which analysed the ions in the regolith and the amount and type of antioxidants on Mars.The Viking program data indicate that oxidants on Mars may vary with latitude, noting that Viking 2 saw fewer oxidants than Viking 1 in its more northerly position. Phoenix landed further north still. Phoenixs preliminary examination data revealed that Mars soil contains perchlorate, and thus may not be as life-friendly as thought earlier. The pH and salinity level were viewed as gracious from the standpoint of biology. The analysers also indicated the s trawman of bound water and CO2. Mars Science Laboratory Main articles Mars Science Laboratory and Curiosity roverThe Mars Science Laboratory mission is a NASA spacecraft launched on November 26, 2011 that deployed the Curiosity rover, a nuclear-powered robot bearing instruments designed to look for past or present conditions relevant to biological activity (planetary habitability). The Curiosity rover landed on Mars on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater, near Aeolis Mons (a. k. a. Mount Sharp), on grand 6, 2012. Future missions * ExoMars is a European-led multi-spacecraft programme currently under development by the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA for launch in 2016 and 2018.Its primary scientific mission willing be to search for possible biosignatures on Mars, past or present. Two rovers with a 2 m core drill each will be used to sample various depths beneath the surface where crystal clear water may be found and where microorganisms might survive cosmic radiation. * Mars Sample R eturn Mission The best life detection experiment proposed is the examination on Earth of a soil sample from Mars. However, the difficulty of providing and maintaining life support over the months of transit from Mars to Earth remains to be solved. Providing for still unknown environmental and nutritional requirements is daunting.Should dead organisms be found in a sample, it would be difficult to conclude that those organisms were alive when obtained. Meteorites NASA maintains a catalog of 34 Mars meteorites. These assets are highly valuable since they are the only physical samples available of Mars. Studies conducted by NASAs Johnson Space Center show that at least three of the meteorites contain potential evidence of past life on Mars, in the form of microscopic structures resembling fossilized bacteria (so-called biomorphs). Although the scientific evidence collected is reliable, its interpretation varies.To date, none of the original lines of scientific evidence for the hypothe sis that the biomorphs are of exobiological origin (the so-called biogenic hypothesis) have been either discredited or positively ascribed to non-biological explanations. Over the past few decades, seven criteria have been established for the credit entry of past life within terrestrial geologic samples. Those criteria are 1. Is the geologic context of the sample compatible with past life? 2. Is the age of the sample and its stratigraphic localization principle compatible with possible life? 3. Does the sample contain evidence of cellular morphology and colonies?4.Is there any evidence of biominerals showing chemical or mineral disequilibria? 5. Is there any evidence of stable isotope patterns unique to biology? 6. Are there any organic biomarkers present? 7. Are the features indigenous to the sample? For general acceptance of past life in a geologic sample, essentially most or all of these criteria must be met. All seven criteria have not yet been met for any of the Martian sampl es, but continued investigations are in progress. As of 2010, reexaminations of the biomorphs found in the three Martian meteorites are afoot(predicate) with more advanced analytical instruments than previously available.The scientists conducting the study at Johnson Space Center believed that before the end of the year they would find in the meteorites definitive evidence for past life on Mars. ALH84001 meteorite The ALH84001 meteorite was found in December 1984 in Antarctica, by members of the ANSMET project the meteorite weighs 1. 93 kilograms (4. 3 lb). The sample was ejected from Mars about 17 million years ago and spent 11,000 years in or on the Antarctic ice sheets. Composition analysis by NASA revealed a broad of magnetite that on Earth, is only found in association with certain microorganisms.Then, in August 2002, another NASA team led by Thomas-Keptra published a study indicating that 25% of the magnetite in ALH 84001 occurs as small, uniform-sized crystals that, on Earth , is associated only with biologic activity, and that the remainder of the material appears to be normal inorganic magnetite. The extraction proficiency did not permit determination as to whether the possibly biological magnetite was organized into chains as would be expected. The meteorite displays indication of relatively low temperature collateral mineralization by water and shows evidence of preterrestrial aqueous alte proportionalityn.Evidence of polycyclic resonant hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified with the levels increasing away from the surface. Some structures resembling the mineralized casts of terrestrial bacteria and their appendages (fibrils) or by-products (extracellular polymeric substances) occur in the rims of carbonate globules and preterrestrial aqueous alteration regions. The size and shape of the objects is consistent with Earthly fossilized nanobacteria, but the existence of nanobacteria itself is controversial.In November 2009, NASA scientists said th at a recent, more detailed analysis showed that the meteorite contains strong evidence that life may have existed on ancient Mars. Nakhla Meteorite The Nakhla meteorite fell on Earth on June 28, 1911 on the locality of Nakhla, Alexandria, Egypt. In 1998, a team from NASAs Johnson Space Center obtained a small sample for analysis. Researchers found preterrestrial aqueous alteration phases and objects of the size and shape consistent with Earthly fossilized nanobacteria, but the existence of nanobacteria itself is controversial.Analysis with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studied its high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 2000, and NASA scientists concluded that as much as 75% of the organic matter in Nakhla may not be recent terrestrial taint. This caused additional interest in this meteorite, so in 2006, NASA managed to obtain an additional and larger sample from the London Natural History Museum. On this second sample, a large dendritic carbon c ontent was observed. When the results and evidence were published on 2006, some independent researchers claimed that the carbon deposits are of biologic origin.However, it was remarked that since carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the Universe, finding it in curious patterns is not indicative or suggestive of biological origin. Shergotty meteorite The Shergotty meteorite, a 4 kg Martian meteorite, fell on Earth on Shergotty, India on August 25, 1865 and was retrieved by witnesses almost immediately. 45 This meteorite is relatively young, calculated to have been formed on Mars only 165 million years ago from volcanic origin. It is composed mostly of pyroxene and thought to have undergone preterrestrial aqueous alteration for several centuries.Certain features in its privileged suggest to be remnants of biofilm and their associated microbial communities. 33 Work is in progress on searching for magnetites within alteration phases. Liquid water No Mars probe since Viking has tested the Martian regolith specifically for metabolism which is the ultimate sign of current life. NASAs recent missions have focused on another question whether Mars held lakes or oceans of liquid water on its surface in the ancient past. Scientists have found hematite, a mineral that forms in the presence of water.Thus, the mission of the Mars Exploration Rovers of 2004 was not to look for present or past life, but for evidence of liquid water on the surface of Mars in the planets ancient past. Liquid water, necessary for Earth life and for metabolism as generally conducted by species on Earth, cannot exist on the surface of Mars under its present low atmospheric pressure and temperature, except at the lowest shaded elevations for short periods and liquid water does not appear at the surface itself. In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was observed in the form of flood-like gullies.Deep subsurface water deposits near the planets liquid core might form a present-day habitat for life. However, in March 2006, astronomers announced the discovery of similar gullies on the Moon, which is believed never to have had liquid water on its surface. The astronomers suggest that the gullies could be the result of micrometeorite impacts. In March 2004, NASA announced that its rover Opportunity had discovered evidence that Mars was, in the ancient past, a wet planet. This had raised hopes that evidence of past life might be found on the planet today.ESA affirm that the Mars Express orbiter had directly detected huge reserves of water ice at Mars south pole in January 2004. On July 28, 2005, ESA announced that they had recorded photographic evidence of surface water ice near Mars North pole. In December 2006, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, pr oviding the strongest evidence yet that water oursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. Some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface feature changes seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results.Recent analysis of Martian sandstones, using data obtained from orbital spectrometry, suggests that the waters that previously existed on the surface of Mars would have had too high a salinity to support most Earth-like life. Tosca et al. found that the Martian water in the locations they studied all had water activity, aw ? . 78 to 0. 86a level sinister to most Terrestrial life. Haloarchaea, however, are able to live in hypersaline solutions, up to the saturation point. The Phoenix Mars lander from NASA, which landed in the Mars Arctic theater of operations in May 2008, confirmed the presence of frozen water near the surface. This was confirmed when bright material, exposed by the digging arm of the lander, was found to have vaporized and disappeared in 3 to 4 days. This has been attributed to sub-surface ice, exposed by the digging and sublimated on exposure to the atmosphere. MethaneTrace amounts of methane in the atmosphere of Mars were discovered in 2003 and verified in 2004. As methane is an unstable gas, its presence indicates that there must be an active source on the planet in order to keep such levels in the atmosphere. It is estimated that Mars must produce 270 ton/year of methane, but asteroid impacts account for only 0. 8% of the total methane production. Although geologic sources of methane such as serpentinization are possible, the lack of current volcanism, hydrothermal activity or hot descry are not favorable for geologic methane.It has been suggested that the methane was produced by chemical reactions in meteorites, goaded by the intense heat during entry through the atmosphere. Although rese arch published in December 2009 ruled out this possibility, research published in 2012 suggest that a source may be organic compounds on meteorites that are converted to methane by ultraviolet radiation. The existence of life in the form of microorganisms such as methanogens is among possible, but as yet unproven sources.If microscopic Martian life is producing the methane, it credibly resides far below the surface, where it is still warm enough for liquid water to exist. Since the 2003 discovery of methane in the atmosphere, some scientists have been designing models and in vitro experiments testing growth of methanogenic bacteria on simulated Martian soil, where all four methanogen strains tested produced substantial levels of methane, even in the presence of 1. 0wt% perchlorate salt. The results reported indicate that the perchlorates discovered by the Phoenix Lander would not rule out the possible presence of methanogens on Mars.A team led by Levin suggested that both phenomena methane production and degradationcould be accounted for by an ecology of methane-producing and methane-consuming microorganisms. In June 2012, scientists reported that measuring the ratio of hydrogen and methane levels on Mars may help determine the likelihood of life on Mars. According to the scientists, low H2/CH4 ratios (less than approximately 40) indicate that life is likely present and active. Other scientists have recently reported methods of detecting hydrogen and methane in extraterrestrial atmospheres. FormaldehydeIn February 2005, it was announced that the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) on the European Space Agencys Mars Express Orbiter, detected traces of formaldehyde in the atmosphere of Mars. Vittorio Formisano, the director of the PFS, has speculated that the formaldehyde could be the byproduct of the oxidisation of methane, and according to him, would provide evidence that Mars is either extremely geologically active, or harbouring colonies of microbial lif e. NASA scientists consider the preliminary findings are well worth a follow-up, but have also rejected the claims of life. SilicaIn May 2007, the Spirit rover disturbed a patch of ground with its inoperative wheel, husking an area extremely rich in silica (90%). The feature is reminiscent of the effect of hot spring water or steam coming into contact lens with volcanic rocks. Scientists consider this as evidence of a past environment that may have been favorable for microbial life, and theorize that one possible origin for the silica may have been produced by the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water. Another possible origin could have been from water in a hot spring environment.Based on Earth analogs, hydrothermal systems on Mars would be highly attractive(a) for their potential for preserving organic and inorganic biosignatures. For example, iron oxidizing bacteria are abundant in marine and terrestrial hydrothermal systems, where they often display distinctive cell morphologies and are commonly encrusted by minerals, especially bacteriogenic iron oxides and silica. Microfossils of iron oxidizing bacteria have been found in ancient Si-Fe deposits and iron oxidation may be an ancient and widespread metabolic pathway. 83 If possible, future rover missions will target extinct hydrothermal vent systems on Mars.Geysers on Mars The seasonal frosting and defrosting of the southern ice cap results in the formation of spider-like radial channels carved on 1 meter thick ice by sunshine. Then, sublimed CO2 and probably water increase pressure in their interior producing geyser-like eruptions of cold fluids often mixed with dark basaltic sand or mud. This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few days, weeks or months, a growth rate rather unusual in geology especially for Mars.A team of Hungarian scientists proposes that the geysers most visible features, dark dune spots and spider channels, m ay be colonies of photosynthetic Martian microorganisms, which over-winter beneath the ice cap, and as the sunlight returns to the pole during early spring, light penetrates the ice, the microorganisms photosynthesize and heat their immediate surroundings. A pocket of liquid water, which would normally evaporate instantly in the thin Martian atmosphere, is confine around them by the overlying ice.As this ice layer thins, the microorganisms show through grey. When the layer has completely melted, the microorganisms rapidly desiccate and turn black, surrounded by a grey aureole. The Hungarian scientists believe that even a complex sublimation process is insufficient to explain the formation and evolution of the dark dune spots in space and time. Since their discovery, fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke promoted these formations as deserving of study from an astrobiological perspective.A multinational European team suggests that if liquid water is present in the spiders channels during t heir annual defrost cycle, they might provide a niche where certain microscopic life forms could have retreated and adapted while furnish from solar radiation. A British team also considers the possibility that organic matter, microbes, or even simple plants might co-exist with these inorganic formations, especially if the mechanism includes liquid water and a geothermal energy source. However, they also remark that the majority of geological structures may be accounted for without invoking any organic life on Mars hypothesis.It has been proposed to develop the Mars Geyser Hopper lander to study the geysers up close. Cosmic radiation In 1965, the Mariner 4 probe discovered that Mars had no global magnetic field that would protect the planet from potentially life-threatening cosmic radiation and solar radiation observations made in the late nineties by the Mars Global Surveyor confirmed this discovery. Scientists speculate that the lack of magnetic shielding helped the solar wind b low away much of Marss atmosphere over the course of several billion years.After mapping cosmic radiation levels at various depths on Mars, researchers have concluded that any life within the first several meters of the planets surface would be killed by lethal doses of cosmic radiation. In 2007, it was calculated that DNA and ribonucleic acid damage by cosmic radiation would limit life on Mars to depths greater than 7. 5 metres below the planets surface. Therefore, the best potential locations for discovering life on Mars may be at subsurface environments that have not been studied yet.

Racism

Maybe it Is non painted In such vivid and bright colors, but It Is alleviate here. in that location are m either Instances that have occurred throughout history that we can pick and choose from to show how prejudiced we authentically are. Novels have also been written discussing the prune of racial discrimination wizard In particular highlighting how appalling and immoral It really Is, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper lee(prenominal).Our Australian history is not one to be proud of but one of the things that it does well is display to us how deeply ingrained racialism s in our beloved farming. The indigenous people who formerly had this land to themselves were classified as fauna. This law was only overturned as late as 1967. In the clause Lifting the Veil on Our Ingrained Racism by Sandy Gifford we are provided with multiple examples proving that racism is a part of our national character.As a child she was told that Only colour children wear pureness shoes, still to this day she has never owned a pair of gabardine shoes. This clearly illustrates to us that even though racism may not be roundthing al fashions so evident, It Is something we take In as hillier and never forget, making It a fundamental part of our club. Social glueyness Is something that will help the multi-cultural population of Australia achieve a company that works together and Is accepting of all people.The endeavourer towards social cohesion in Australia will not be smooth or simple. There will be many steps that have to be taken and bridges crossed. Simon Overland in his expressionluminous Is the Key to Harmony presents us with a viewpoint distinctly in favor of social cohesion. He says that Social Isolationism and disengagement teeming, from among otherwise things, racism and negative stereotyping, is the real problem, referring to our incapability to exercise restraint in our assumptions, that all Somalis and Muslims have strong links with terrorism.Embracing the multicul turalism that we have been provided with In this country is something that will only lead to a more desirable and valuable way of living. In Harper lee sides invigorated To Kill a Mockingbird one of the main themes explored throughout the story Is racism. In the town of Macomb where this novel Is set, racism appears to be as natural as reheating to the people who live there. Harper Lee brings light to the inherent evils of racism basing the novel around an African-Americans conviction.Tom Robinson is convicted purely because he is a black man and his accuser is white. The evidence is so federal agencyfully in his favor, that washables is clearly the single defining factor in the Jurys decision. Toms death was typical. Typical of a Niger to cut and run. Typical of a insignes mentality to have no plan, no thought for the future, just run blind first chance he saw, even after the harsh death of Tom Robinson no sympathy is shown awards him and we really see how deeply rooted racism Is in the culture that Harper Lee describes. To Kill a Mockingbird Is set In the segregated conspiracy during the asses. Black people were highly subjugated members of society and continually classed as lesser. There Is quite a social hierarchy displayed to the reader In this novel with some of the families who have no money or almost anything else, at the very bottom. But even below these families was all of the black community. All blacks were hard-boiled poorly. The level of racism demonstrated in the scenes of this novel is sustained simply by the close-mindedness of the people in the town of Macomb.When writing the novel Harper Lee didnt only include characters who were prejudiced and racist. She also included characters such as Attics who believed that all humans are equal and he passed on this philosophy to his children, treasure and Scout. This in itself is a way to amend the issue of racial discrimination, offering hope for a better world. Parents teaching their children a way of living which includes considering things from other peoples perspectives. Oh never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them, some of the characters in Lees novel really did have inner strength and moral courage. For humans to live in peace and finally achieve that level respect and understanding we all wish so dearly all we need to do is accept everyone including ourselves for who we are. See each and every human being as equal disregarding any other factors and giving them the level of appreciation you yourself would want. Only then will we all be able to live in harmony.RacismRacism has predominately center itself around the African American population, however, has not been associated with white individuals. There has always been a racial divide between the two groups and this Is evident In doorbell hooks article, which illustrates how whites have made their Identity as fear, power and terrorism. This chapter also goes on to discuss how the blacks have experienced different aspects of terrorism by the dominant white society. Due to both white supremacy and white privilege, African Americans were treated extremely poorly as slaves instead of unmans.There was the belief that whites were misusing the power they had, and the sophisticate of power would lead to negative impacts on the black community. Although the black community adapted to the values and the habits of the whites, they were hoping for the whites to finally get over the need to terrorize their people. In the article, hooks discusses that even though times have changed, the black population still feels as if they are being terrorized and are rarely close to the whites. Through the misuse of power due to the whites, which led to the rejection f the black community by society, it has made the blacks feel the need to give up their Identity and try to flare-up In with the white society. maulers goes on to describe a situation that she had encountered when she went to a cultural studies conference. She felt up that there was white dominance In the way everything was organized. Wealth her article, Hooks tries to educate people more slightly the whiteness, so that individuals can move away from the typical race that exists and recognize the confrontation that still exists in order to identify the other skin color.The way whiteness is designed it brings up different types of stereotypes in the mind of other people in society and gives it a lot of different meanings. She argues that stereotyping is a way of talking negatively about other races and not being racist at the very(prenominal) time. The differences between the whites and blacks is not something that black Individuals have always created but things such as domination, imperialism, colonialism and racist are the many reasons why black Individuals have felt contrary about their own race. Whiteness to the black community appears to be better than their own color and race.At the beginning of the article, hooks talks about some of the discussions that students were having in the classroom. When these discussions took place, it amazed the whites as they were listening to how the blacks noticed whiteness. The shock after listening to these comments that black individuals were saying goes to show that white students at the time were unschooled about the other races that existed around them. There was also the mint that hooks made stating that whiteness is present without the awareness of blackness.She uses Baldwin notion to support this argument in which he stated that wherever white men go, they take control. The experiences that Hooks encountered herself are outlined within her article The article, Representing Whiteness In the Black Imagination, gives a better understanding of what people thought about the whiteness issue that blacks were facing during the 19th century. Bell hooks has also demonstrated that an Image of white people has been created In he bl ack community because of the things that have happened in the past.This domestic servants, working in white homes, acting as informants, brought knowledge cover song to segregated communities details, facts, observations, and psychoanalytic readings of the white other. The imagination of whiteness has also affected Hooks as an African American. This article targets many of the arguments that have been discussed within the course. Hooks describes how black females had been differentiated in comparison to white females, from the point of view of a young black male who grew up in a community where black people had been the victim of racism.Even though this article was predominantly about the black community, it also narrows the focus on how females are viewed and essentially victimized. As presented in Franknesss article, there is the understanding that while females had also been victimized due to white racism. Her article mainly focuses on how black and white females are observed in society and how racism shapes white females. Both of the articles have given a distinct and clear understanding of what occurred in the 19th century. Kooks portrays how white people rule the black community in America. The stereotypes against the blacks can still be seen in our society and Hooks use of personal experiences gives the reader enhanced knowledge about the prejudice they had to go through. Brandenburg being a white feminist also shares her experiences of racism that has helped shape the life of a white woman. Therefore, the power that the white society had certainly made a negative impact on the lives of several blacks and has made it harder for them to accept themselves for whom they are.

Discuss What Government Policies Can Be Used to Overcome

Discuss what organisation policies can be used to overcome a deferral A recession is two or more consecutive quarters of a year that experiences a decline in GDP or has negative GDP growth recessions are believed to be caused by a widespread fall in spending. Employment, investment, household incomes and business profits all fall during recessions magic spell bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise.Governmennts respond to recessions by adopting expansionary economic policeys such as the expansionary financial policey or loose financial policey. The exapansionary fiscal policey involves the government attempting to cast up aggregate consider, the two main instruments the government use to achieve this is government spending and taxation.The government growings its spending in the economey which stimulates the economey through the multiplyer put up, this huge increase of government spending acts as an injection into the handbill flow and ordain eventually increase consum er incomes which will increase the consumers marginal aptness to consume which will thusly shift aggregate demand to the right as all of this extra income is being spent, this right shift will then lead to an increase in economic growth, this is shown on the graph below.The government can in any case reducing taxes such as VAT which will similarly increases consumer spending as it will make consumers tolerate more disposable income therefore acting as an incentive for them to consume, causing aggregate demand to shift to the right causing growth, the government can any increase spending or abate taxes or even apply both to the economy.However the effect of the fiscal policy will depend on how much money is pumped into the economy and how much the taxes perk up been reduced because if government spending has increase by a small percent or taxes have decreased a small percent it may not have much of an effect on the consumer marginal propensity to consume and so may fail to increase aggregate demand. Also depending on the inflation rate in the economy already the fiscal policy could cause the price train to increase due to a major increase in aggregate demand as shown in the graph above.Also the policy could cause crowding out because if the increase in government spending is raise from taxes then it would lead to a reduction in private spending and if the increase is financed by acceptation then it could lead to a rise in provoke rates which would lead to a decrease in private investment. There will also be a time lag twisting as the government will have to wait for the multiplier effect to kick in and so in the short term this policy may prove futile however in the big term its effectiveness will show.An early(a) policy the government can use is the expansionary monetary policy, the expansionary monetary policy aim to shift aggregate demand to the right by lowering the interest rates, the lowering of the interest rates lowers the cost of borro wing for suit using credit cards and decreases consumers marginal propensity to allay which therefore encourages consumption. These lower interest rates also encourage firms to borrow and invest therefore shape up increasing aggregate demand in the economy.These lower interest rates will therefore increase aggregate demand shown in the graph below. This increase in aggregate demand will therefore increase GDP as shown in the graph above. However the amount the government can decrease the interest rates by will depend at what level they are at already, for example the interest rate for the UK at this moment of time is 0. 5 and so the government would not realistically be able to decrease this any more and so the monetary policy would prove ineffective in this situation.So if the decline in interest rates does not work the monetary policy uses the incision of qauntative easing which is were the MPC monetary policy committee creates money through sell bonds, buying banks assets an d selling loans to other banks, this money is then spent in sectors of the economy which will act as an injection into the circular flow, this will then again generate growth as it will cause aggregate demand to shift outwards.This increase in cash reserves due to the selling of bonds and so on will also mean banks will increase their lending to households and businesses which will again make it easier for people to contain money and therefore consume therefore shifting aggregate demand to the right causing and increase in growth.Although the use of this policy could also cause inflation as shown in the graph above, the MPC also predict the future economic trends so the policy can be used at plenteous effect and so if the prediction is wrong it could have negative effects on the economy, furthermore the effect of the qauntative easing will depend on how much the MPC is actually able to obtain through bonds, selling loans and acquiring bank assets.

Topics History

Choosing one of the following topics, you will write a 750 to 1 000 raillery paper based on the reading of Pocahontas and the Phaeton Dilemma. This paper must be computer generated, double-spaced, with specimen one-inch margins and 12 pat. Font. Papers must answer the question(s) using at least two (2), and no more than than three (3), quotes from the book that are properly cited. Quotes can be no longer than three (3) sentences. please reference the Essay Guidelines handout and the citations handout, both of which can be mound on Blackboard.Both handouts will admit you with more specific instructions regarding style, citations, and organization. 1) What exactly is the Phaeton dilemma? In answering this question, describe the unhomogeneous ways that both Pocahontas and the other peoples of Phaetons confederacy attempted to resolve this problem. What consequences resulted from their methods? Or 2) How does this book present an interchange story about Pocahontas that challenges the traditional story found in previous books, movies, and Disney orators.Please provide evidence for your rail line (answer) using quotes from the Townsend book. Note Each paper must have a title page and a bibliography. Papers must have a strong and tripping introduction, use solid topic sentences in the body of the paper to introduce each part of your argument in answering the question, and a clear and concise conclusion which ties the paper together. Papers that fail to address any of these requirements will have points deducted accordingly.

Anthropology-African Religions

The roots of modern day Islam were sown a couple of centuries ago when the once proud Muslim empire began to be overwhelmed by expansionist movements dominated by European colonialists.This has led to a cultural turmoil in Muslim world who once used to brook at the pinnacle of glory saw its silent burial with the meek subjugation of the Islamic Caliphate at the hands of mighty British army in early twentieth century. While a powerful section of the Muslims chose to follow the path shown by great statesman like Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, many continued to be festered by the wounds of humiliation.Now Muslims in many countries are looking to reassert themselves after a long plosive speech sound of humiliation and oppression, sometimes at the hands of foreigners and sometimes at the hands of their own leaders. Contrary to popular belief, Muslims are not a monolithic group, nor there is any centralized authority within Islam.The Islamic civilization from its birth has gone through debat es and counter debates. Except for the Shahadah (God is one and Mohammad is his messenger) and the five mandatory duties (Hajj, Zakat, Roza, Namaz and Shahadah) everything else in Islam has been subjected to deep scrutiny and analysis with the result that many schools of thoughts kept appearing and disappearing.That is why contradictions are unmistakable to people both inside and outside the Muslim community. The orientalists, the conventional authorities on Islam, shit been incriminate of being essentialist and insensitive to the change, negotiation, development, and diversity that characterizes lived Islam.Some scholars, primarily anthropologists, have responded to the tendency to essentialize by giving up the subject of conceptualizing one Islam and instead have focused their inquiry on what they c both various local Islams. Others have focused on sociological or political-economic approaches in explaining the modern forms of political and social activism among Muslims to the exclusion of scriptural Islam from their analysis. (Anjum O., 2007)Islam was brought to Sub-Saharan Africa in the first place via the trade routes from the Arab countries and North Africa. The African Muslims have always hold quite close links with the Arab world, from which a number of reformers came.But Islamisation was essentially carried out by Africans themselves, who shared the like life, spoke the same language, lived in the same cultural world entirely. There is no doubt that, for African Muslims, Africanicity and Islam are in no way opposed. For them Islam is not an imported religion.For many, abandoning the Muslim religion is equivalent to the rejection of all their family and tribal traditions, so intermingled are the two socio-religious universes. One must conclude that Islam, in its handed-down African form, is entirely a part of the African cultural heritage and thus an African reality. The long cohabitation of Islam with traditional African religion has also had a n effect at the cultural level.The African languages are in prevalent languages with a concrete vocabulary, rather limited in the expression of more than abstract realities or more developed reflections. With the Arabic language Islam has been able to fill a gap. Many African peoples, some but touched by Islam, have borrowed a complete abstract, and especially religious, vocabulary from Arabic, with no more than the changes decent to the structure of each language.The relative success of Islam may be related to its compatibility with many aspects of African gardeningfor example, plural marriage for men, which was opposed by Christian missionaries. Nonetheless, Islam was also embraced because it provided symbolic identification with successful traders and travelers passim the world, and it was seen as an alternative to European religion.Its agents were black, and it preached on behalf of those who lacked the trappings of Western civilization. These adaptations of local practice s by the Islamists is not only unique in Cte dIvoire, it has happened world over and plays an important role in regulate the thoughts and mind processes of the Muslims.

Childcare Policy Proposal

The social welfargon concern I chose for analysis is the growth concern for cheap dayc are in the United States. Two specific paradoxs I lead be analyzing are latch- break kids and electric shaver neglect which are a direct result of not having portal to affordable day direction. One of the main factors that contribute to these issues is poverty. Poverty has plagued nestlingren through verboten United States history. Poverty rates are higher among the youngest children get alongs birth to four years. These children are more vulnerable to long term effects of poverty.According to the subject area Center for Children in Poverty, An estimated forty- 2 percent of children under the age of 18 are living infra the poverty line. (NCSC, 2009). About half of the forty-two percent live goal to two hundred percent infra the line. As the poverty rate rises, more single and low- income parents are in lead of affordable day thrill. A recent study showed that Forty percent of low-i ncome or single-income families spend almost half of their come up income on child sustainment (Associated Press, 2007).Although subsidised programs are uncommitted, the waiting process deal be long and tedious. For example, programs akin Operation 3 Breakthrough which volunteer daycare at no cost to families have close to a thousand families on their waiting list. Because cities are not providing for the growing need childcare, parents are agonistic to seek alternative methods. One alternative parents chose is to leave their children either at space whole or with other siblings.An estimated s neverthelessty-s still percent of American kids are considered latch-key kids (Another study showed that nationwide, parents report leaving more than iii zillion children under thirteen, some as young as five, to care for homeless for at to the lowest degree a few hours a week on a regular basis (Associated Press, 2007). SAFETIES is a non-profit constitution that is dedicated to reduce and stop preventable child injury and death. SAFETIES recommends that no child under the age of cardinal be left(p) completely for any period of time. There is no federal principle on the age a child can be safely left al unrivaled it is left up to the states to decide.In Kansas, the current age a child can be left alone is twelve however, in Missouri there is no age take onment. Although a child may be witting of emergency and accident prevention, any times they do not have the cognitive capability and creative thinker to handle the situation when it occurs. Children four and under require interaction and supervision that another child can not adequately provide to them. Children four and under are at a higher endangerment and make up half of the unintentional injury-related deaths among children fourteen and under (Safe Kids, 2010).The bottom line is that the latch-key method of childcare results in an increasing amount of preventable child injury and death. NEGLECT 4 Neglect is federally defined as Failure of a parent or guardian to provide needed DOD, clothing, shelter, medical exam care, or supervision such that the childs health, safety, and well-being are threatened with harm (HAS, 2009). An estimated 5. 8 million children are neglected or ab utilise each year (HAS, 2009). Parents that do not have older children imprecate on neighbors, family members or friends to watch their children.This is sometimes referred to as patchwork childcare. Out of desperation, other parents leave their children alone at home, public parks, or public libraries. Children and their families may be in need of services even though the parent may not be intentionally gleeful. When poverty limits a parents resources to adequately provide necessities for the child, services may be inviteed to service of process families provide for their children (American Humane society, 2010). Attachment Theory, (Bowl, 1969) shows certain aspects that all children require and need in order to flourish and grow healthy.In order to have Secure attachment children need human physical contact. Physical connection means plenty of touch and eye contact. Such things as cradling an infant while feeding, cuddling with a toddler before bedtime, and hugging a teenager accession the sense of physical injection, especially if touch and eye contact take place on a daily basis throughout childhood years (Wassermann, 2006). Many times the child goes from place to place, to variant locations and sometimes watched by strangers. The child has no stability, permanency or sense of home. Permanency is a key factor for previous(predicate) child development. A safe haven is needed so that when a child encounters threatened or afraid, he or she can return to the care stoolr for comfort and soothing. If the child is alone or does not receive POLICY PROPOSAL 5 this comfort, they will eventually stop relying on the care slip byr and run short outdrawn. Children also need a sec ure base that is provided by the caregiver. This gives them safe and safe place to explore the world. In many cases the caregiver is not intentionally putting the child in danger, but is simply unaware of the many household dangers to children. Separation distress is also detrimental as well childs well-being. When separated from the primary caregiver, the child will immediately become upset and depressed. Many children experience this even in the most normal, ideal family circumstances. A deficiency in any of these areas can collide with a child later down the road. LEGISLATION In the past, the United States has tried to correct this problem through legislation. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (FADE) was first passed in 1935, provided money for relief to help families provide for their children.In 1972, chairman Nixon built on the idea but changing it to Aid to Dependent Children (DC) trying to switch local anaestheticize on to the children as opposed to the family . Republicans typically have a laissez fairer attitude, however all sides felt this was an principal(prenominal) issue. Later Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANK) was created in 1996 and improve the DC. With TANK, time limits were put in place, and subsidies were provided to parents to help them care for their children. Currently the federal government allows up to thirty percent of each states TANK coin to be used alongside current child care grants.In the sasss The Adoption Assistance and Child welfare act focused on keeping the child with the biological parents at any cost. Later this was reformed into the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. The new act switched the focus from family preservation to safety and permanency of the child. 6 The Child Care and Development Block Grant (JDBC) is a block grant given to tastes to subsidize child care for low-income families if parents are currently employed or enrolled in rail. Approximately 1. 8 million US children rec eive funds, 36,300 in Missouri alone (IDS, 2009).The grant only applies to children thirteen and under go in-kind assistance to their families. An average of sixty-six dollars per week given in vouchers to subsidize child care (Almanac of scotch Policy, 1995). Another step in the right direction is provided by the Early Childhood Development, Education, and Care caudex (SEDUCE). This is another block grant that is provided to tastes and has many programs set in place to allow the child to appease in the home quite of utilizing facilitated child care.They darker a program called Stay At al-Qaida Parent (ASAP) which allows families with children three and younger to receive in- cash and in-kind benefits in order to provide childcare themselves. other qualifications this program intromit teen moms, high risk, no permanent residence, unemployed, The family must also be 185% below the poverty line to be eligible. While these programs have been successful with goals regarding abu se, safety, and permanency the poverty level continues to be at an all time high. LOOKING ABROAD THE NETHERLANDS I chose to compare our policies with The Netherlands.I found that the Netherlands is more reformist with its view of social welfare than the United States, however is far behind almost all other European countries. In The Netherlands they head what are considered General Provisions. Basically every citizen is entitled to certain introductory needs and provisions. General provisions include Child development groups, pre- school playgroups, child day-care, out of school child care, special education, primary 7 education, and youth health services. All of these programs are universal and available to all citizens.The majority of the provisions are geared towards children staying with parents if possible to have a strong family unit. They offer extended maternity and parental leave for both parents to lower the cost and need for facilitated child care centers. The fundin g fro child care and maternity/parental leave is provided by both national and local municipal authorities. All citizens pay in for the greater good of country. LOOKING AHEAD REFORM I propose not to create a new policy but reform the currant policy.I feel that the Child Care and Development Block Grant (JDBC) is meeting the expectations and Laos the program was designed for. Because the problem is growing rapidly, changes need to be made so that we dont lose control of the situation. The programs goals would continue to focus on richness of family, and strive to provide stability, permanency, and enrichment to families. I also feel that we need more focus on early child development (birth to four years) because it will play a dramatic role later in these childrens lives.Working and collaborating with programs such as Head Start provide care givers tools to provide young children with what they need to thrive. have assignment should be another key factor in the success of the prog ram. Graduated disengagement is one of the most important heart and soul functions of social work. As social workers we need to help people shape their own support system so that when they complete the process, they dont feel alone or back where they started. purpose activities and helping them install new trusting relationships is a key factor in this step.They need a support system in place so that when crisis or hardship happens, they POLICY PROPOSAL do not feel hopeless. SERVICES 8 The program I am proposing would be separated into two main groups. The first group is children ages birth to four years and the second would reach children ages five to eighteen years old. Playgroups which are used in the Netherlands as well as many other European countries give young children ages birth to four years old a chance to interact and socialize with other children their age.Licensed facilitators specializing in early education and development will guide volunteers in providing educati onal and stimulate activities. Meetings would be held three times a week at local schools, churches, parks, and community centers. Keeping the locations in the neighborhoods of he people they are serving will make attending the programs easier for these families. Child day care will also be provided to families that delimit. Accredited programs are required for all programs receiving grant funding implementing the core value competency.The number of locations should be based on the need for each individual community. For example, in areas of greater need, there should also be greater access to programs. I would also like to propose Emergency child care. This program would be a temporary safe arrangement to offer parents peace of mind if their common arrangements fall through. For example if the baby-sitter doesnt show up, or you have a family emergency, you could drop your child off for a short period of time. Children must already be enrolled in the program or be on some correspo nding program such TANK to qualify.Companies that provide on-site day care centers for employees will also receive funding as well as tax incentives. This will give the parents incentive to want to keep their Job as well as peace of mind knowledgeable their children are close by. 9 I also feel that more funds should be used for the Stay At Home Parent program to allow children ages four and under to be with their parents. Families that qualify will receive subsidies while working or attending school part-time and stay home with their child rest of the time.For older children ages five to eighteen the program would continue to offer rewarding after school and summer activities. The objective is to get these kids away from the TV and teach them about the world close to them. These activities should based on the strengths perspective model. It is important to find something that the child is interested in or desires, so that they can feel like they have a skill or purpose. After scho ol programs would include tutoring, mentoring, counseling, skill building social interaction, violence prevention, and other similar programs.As social workers we must first build a trusting, positive relationship with the people we are working with. Finding common interests help to straddle partnerships and giving them someone they feel they can turn to. It is important to focus on forming positive relationships instead of trying treat them. These programs will give the children the skills they need to be responsible for their own behavior and become productive members of their communities. I would also like to provide subsidies for summer camps.I found some programs such as the YMCA that offer subsidized summer programs for under-privileged youth already. Many families struggle the most during the summer months when their children are out of school. This would eliminate having to pay for child care the entire three months of summer, as well as give the child something enjoyable to do. 10 Parents would be provided education and resources on child development and health. The program would offer employment resources, resume help, transportation assistance, interview techniques, internet access, and listings for local Job openings in the